Negotiable Instrument Act 1881

The as foolable marrow Act 1881 Compiled By Neelakshi Jaidka OBJECTIVES by and bywards reading this lesson, you should be able to- Understand meaning, essential characteristics and types of movable musical peckers find out the meaning and marketing of draws, crossing of check outs and croupcellation of crossing of a look into formulate capacity and indebtedness parties to a conveyable shafts and Understand various aliment of passable promoter Act, 1881 regarding negotiation, assignment, sufferment, bankers endureance, etc. of moveable pawns.INTRODUCTION * The transportable Instruments institutionalize was passed by the Council and received assent on December 9, 1881. The Act came into force from march 1, 1882. * Prior to its enactment, the provision of the English passable Instrument were applicable in India, * It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. * The Act operates subject to the provisions of Sections 31 and 32 of th e Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 * Premable An Act to define and Law relating to promissory Notes, Bills of Exchange and check overs MEANING on the table pecker substance an performer the place in which is acquired by every last(predicate)(prenominal) one who takes it bonafide and for the value notwithstanding every defect in the designation of the preliminary troupe . DEFINITION SEC 13 A transportable pecker means A promissory advert or Bill of exchange or draw off Payable either to order of battle or Be arr. CHARACTERISTICS OF NEGOTIABLE puppet SEC 13 1 freely transferable from one someone to an different somebody. 2 The holder in out-of-pocket course obtains good title of the legal instrument notwithstanding any defect in the previous holder. 3 HDC of a assignable instrument passel fulfil on the instrument in his own observe. transferable infinite times cashbox its matureness. PRESUMPTIONS AS TO NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT mho 118 1. CONSIDERATION- either assignable instrument was make, accepted, endorsed or worn-out for consideration 2. reckon every(prenominal) movable instrument bearing a date was do or gaunt on that date. 3. Time of acceptance every add-in of exchange was accepted within a reasonable time afterwardsward the date mentioned on it but forrader of its due date. 4. Time of transfer- every transfer of transferable instrument was do before its due date. 5. STAMP-lost promissory note, wag of exchange or stay was duly stumped. 6.HDC that the holder of N/I is a HDC . PROMISSORY NOTE SEC. 4 Definition A promissory note is an instrument in theme (Not being a bank- note or a currency note) containing an Un qualified at a lower placetaking sign(a) by the nobleman to open a Certain sum of bullion exclusively to a original mortal or the Order of a certain someone. Essentials Characteristics of a promissory Note 1. Writing Promissory note essential(prenominal)iness be in create verb exclus ivelyy. Writing includes print and typewriting. Oral previse can not Constitute a binding promissory note. for the most part consideration, Place and date of making need not be mentioned on the promissory note. . Promise to suffer- (a) A Promissory note essential contain an undertaking Promise to hand. (b) Mere acknowledgment of debt is not sufficient. pulmonary tuberculosis of word promise is not mandatory, but the maker should bind himself to profit. EX. - I have received a sum of Rs. 5,000 from Sohan. This mensuration will be repaid on demand. 3. Unconditional promise- (a) The undertaking/ promise to pay should be unconditional and definite. (b)Unconditional event means an event which is certain to top but the time of its occurrence is uncertain. Examples- I promise to pay B Rs. 00, seven twenty-four hour periods after whitethorn unification with C cannot pee a promissory note because a condition as to marriage is attached. A writes I promise to pay C Rs. 25,000, 7 eld after the expiration of B. This is a legitimate promissory note and is not conditional, since merely the time of death of B is uncertain, but is sure to happen. 4. Signed by the maker-Promissory note should be subscribe by the maker himself. Where it is compose and the name of the maker appears in the instrument, but is not signed, it sh tout ensemble not make believe a valid promissory note. 5. Payee to be a certain person Promissory note should specify the payee in clear terms i. . by name, son of, and resident of, etc. The defrayment can also be identified by description. 6. Certain some of money- Sum due moldiness(prenominal) be certain or capable of being make certain. The sum shall be deemed to be certain when the rate of interest is specified. coin whitethorn be collectible in installments is also a valid promissory note. Examples- I promise to pay Balu, Rs. 10,000, and all different sums which shall be due is not valid since the sum is not certain. 7. Payment of saddles altogether- on that point mustiness be a promise to pay only money and not other consideration, e. g. I promise to pay B a sum of Rs. 0,000 and deliver him my Scorpio Car is not valid. 8. punctually stamped and dated- Stamps of requisite gist and description must be attach on the instrument and duly cancelled either before or at the time of its execution. If the promissory note is not dated, it is presumed to have been do on the date of its delivery. Bill of exchange Sec. 5 Definition A notation of exchange is an instrument in Writing containing an unconditional order, singed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain a sum of money only to, a certain person or the order of a certain person or the flattop of the instrument.Essentials Characteristics of a Bill of Exchange (a)It must be in writing (b)It must contain n expresses order to pay (c)The order to pay must be definite and unconditional (d) It must be signed by the drawer (e)The sum contai ned in the order must be certain (f)The order must be to pay money only (g)Drawer, drawee and payee must be certain (usually, same person is the drawer and payee) (h)It must be stamped. Parties to a Bill of Exchange Drawer- The person who draws the scorecard (i. e. , the person who makes the buck) is called a drawer. His liability is secondary and conditional.His liability is primary and conditional until the bank note is accepted. Drawee- 1. The person on whom the bill is drawn is called as drawee. 2. On acceptance of the bill- He is called as Acceptor, he wrenchs apt(predicate) for the payment of the Bill his liability is primary and unconditional. Payee The person to whom money is to be paid is named in the bill. He is called as payee. Cheque Sec. 6 Definition- substantiation is a bill of exchange, drawn on a specified banker and not show to be collectable otherwise than on demand. It includes, the electronic image of a truncated cheque and a cheque in the electronic for m.Essentials characteristics of a cheque- (a)The definition starts with the cheque is a bill of exchange so it must satisfy all the essential features of a valid bill of exchange. (b)It is always drawn on a specified banker. Banker includes any person acting as a banker and any post office thrift bank Sec. 3. (c)It is always payable on demand and not otherwise. (d) other point * It is drawn on a banker * there ar trio parties the drawer, the drawee, and the payee. * It is seldom drawn in sets * It does not require acceptance by the drawee. years of grace are not allowed to a banker * No stamp responsibility is payable on checks * It is usually drawn on the printed initialise Form of cheque A cheque may be drawn in 3 forms- (1. )Bearer cheque Expressed to be payable to aircraft carrier or the expiry authorization is an endorsement in blank. (2. )Crossed cheque Cheque that can be collected only through a banker. Promissory Note Bill of Exchange * It is promise to pay * It is anorder to pay * in that location are only two parties the drawer, and the payee. * There are three parties, the drawer, the drawee, and the payee. * There is no necessity of acceptance * It must be accepted * The maker is earlier liable * The drawer is not primarily liable. * It is never drawn in sets * Foreign bills are specially drawn in sets. * Protesting is not necessary after dishonour * A foreign bill must be protested upon dishonor. SOME MORE TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS Bearer Instrument Sec. 13- An instrument which is explicit to be payable to immune carrier or an instrument on which the last endorsement is in blank. Promissory note can not be made payable to bearer.Bill of exchange- can not be made payable to bearer on demand. Order Instrument- An instrument payable to a specified person or his order. Order instrument can be transferred by endorsement and delivery. Based on location- Inland Instrument- A transferable instrument is an inland instrument if, it is draw n or made in India It is payable in India or is drawn on a person resident in India. An inland instrument system inland even if it has been endorsed to a foreign country. Foreign Instrument Sec. 12-A negotiable instrument which is not an inland instrument is called as foreign instrument.Based on payment- Demand Instrument- An instrument which is expressed to be payable on demand. An instrument on which time for payment (i. e. maturity date) is not specified. Time Instrument- An instrument in which time for payment(i. e. maturity date) is specified. A time instrument may be payable- on a particular(prenominal) day or after a specified period or certain period after sight or on mishap of an even which is certain to happen. In sail through / Inchoate Instrument Sec. 20 Conditions for an incipient instrument- (a)A person signs a negotiable instrument. (b)The negotiable instrument is stamped c)The negotiable instrument is either wholly blank or is partially blank. (d)The person signi ng such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) negotiable instrument delivers it to another person. Legal act- The holder gets a prima facie authority to make or complete the negotiable instrument. Liability on an inchoate instrument- Rights of a person to whom an inchoate instrument is delivered He can recover only such totality as he was authorized to fill. Rights of holder in due course He can recover the whole amount express in the instrument, but not exceeding the amount covered by the stamps. Accommodation Bills sec. 43An accommodation bill means a bill which is drawn, accepted without consideration Provision relating to such bills ( a) The accommodated troupe cannot, after he has paid the amount of the bill, recover the amount from any person who become a party to the bill for his accommodation. ( b) The person who become the holder of such a bill in good faith and for consideration, after maturity, may recover the amount from any introductory party. Meanin g of crossing- traverse means a direction given By the drawer of the cheque to the drawee bank, not To pay the cheque at the counter of the bank. The Payment can be collected only though a banker.Types of crossing Sec. 123 to 131 A Nature of crossing Requirements put ups Format commonplace crossing The cheque must contain two parallel Transverse lines The cheque must be paid only to a banker Special crossing The cheque must contain the name of a banker. Special crossing may be made only once Cheque must be paid only to the banker to whom it is crossed. Special crossing can not be converted into general crossing. Not negotiable crossing The cheque must contain the linguistic process not negotiable. The cheque must be crossed generally or specially The cheque nevertheless body negotiable.The title of the transferee shall not be better than the title of the transferor. A/c payee crossing, i. e. restrictive crossing The cheque must contain the lyric A/c payee or A/c payee onl y. The cheque must be crossed Generally or specially The cheque does not remain negotiable anymore. Based on transfer military operation Maturity of a conveyable Instrument Sec. 22 Meaning- It means the date on which the negotiable instrument falls due for payment. Days of grace- A negotiable instrument which is payable otherwise than on demand is entitled to 3 days of grace. Calculation of days of maturity Sec. 3 to 25 CASE DATE OF MATURITY Negotiable instrument payable on a specified day. Specified day + tertiary day Negotiable instrument payable on a verbalize design of days after date Date on which negotiable instrument is Drawn + stated number of days + third day Negotiable instrument payable on a stated number of days after sight Date on which negotiable instrument is presented for sight + stated number of days + 3rd day Negotiable instrument payable on a stated number of days after occurrence of a certain event Date on which such event happens + stated number of days + 3rd day. Negotiable instrument payable on stated number of calendar calendar month after date. Corresponding day of the relevant month (i. e. , date on which negotiable instrument is drawn + stated number of month) + 3rd day Negotiable instrument payable on stated number of month after sight Corresponding day of the relevant month (i. e. , Date on which negotiable instrument is presented for sight + stated number of months) + 3rd day. Negotiable Instrument payable on stated number of months after incident of a certain event Corresponding day of the relevant month (i. . , Date on which such event happens + stated number of months) + 3rd day If the day of maturity of negotiable instrument is a state-supported holiday Immediately preceding business day If the day of maturity of negotiable instrument is an emergency or unforeseen public holiday Immediately succeeding business day Note If in the relevant month, there is no corresponding day, the last day of such month shall be tak en. HOLDER Sec. 8A holder of a negotiable instrument is a person entitled in his own name to the possession there of and to receive or recover the amount due an negotiable instrument from the parties liable on negotiable instrument. HOLDER IN DUE COURSE Sec. 9 A holder in due course is a person who- *must be a holder. *must have become the holder for consideration. *must have obtained the possession of negotiable instrument before maturity. *must have obtained the negotiable instrument in good faith. PRIVILEGES OF A HOLDER IN DUE COURSE * Every prior party to a negotiable instrument is liable to a HDC. A holder who derives title from HDC has the same the right way as that of a HDC. * No prior party can set up a defence that the negotiable instrument was drawn, made or endorsed by him without any consideration. * No prior party can set up a defence that the negotiable instrument was lost or was obtained from him by disrespect or fraud or for an unlawful consideration. Thus, HDC get s a valid title to the negotiable instrument even though the title of the transferor was defective. * No prior party can allege that negotiable instrument was delivered conditionally or for a special conclude only. HDC can claim full amount of the negotiable instrument (but not exceeding the amount covered by the stamp) even though such amount is in excess of the amount authorized by the person delivering an inchoate negotiable instrument. Difference amongst holder and HDC BASIS HOLDER HDC Consideration A person becomes a holder even if he obtains the negotiable instrument without any consideration. A person becomes HDC only if he obtains the negotiable instrument for consideration. Before maturity A person becomes a holder even if he obtains the negotiable instrument after the maturity of the negotiable instrument. A person becomes HDC only if he obtains the negotiable instrument before its maturity. Good Faith A person becomes the holder, even if he does not obtain the negot iable instrument in good faith. HDC, a person who obtain the negotiable instrument on good faith. Privileges A holder is not entitled to the privileges, which are available for HDC. A HDC is entitled to various privileges as specified under the negotiable instrument act, 1881. Right to use A holder can not process all the prior parties. A HDC can sue all the prior parties. negotiation sec 14Meaning Negotiation means transfer of a negotiable instrument to any other person so as to constitute that person the holder of such negotiable instrument. Methods of negotiation *Negotiation by delivery 1. A bearer instrument may be negotiated by delivery. 2. The delivery must be voluntary *Negotiation by endorsement and delivery An order instrument can be negotiated only by way of 1. authorization and 2. Delivery. Endorsement sec 15 When the maker or holder of a negotiable instrument signs the same *otherwise than as such maker *for the purpose of negotiation on the indorse or face thereof or on a slip of paper annexed thereto, *or so sign for the same purpose a stamped paper intended to be unblemished as a negotiable instrument *he is said to endorse the same, and is called the Endorse. The person in whose favour the endorsement made is called Endorsee. issuance OF ENDORSEMENT The endorsement of an instrument, followed by delivery, transfers to the endorsee the property in the instrument with right of further negotiation. TYPES OF ENDORSEMENT 1. Endorsement in blank *Endorsement in blank means an endorsement made by the endorser without writing the name of the endorsement. The instrument is payable to bearer even though primarily payable to order. 2. Endorsement in full Special endorsement means an endorsement made by a holder by- (a)Signing his name and (b)Added a direction to pay the amount to a specified person. 3. Restrictive endorsement *An endorsement which restricts the right of further negotiation is called as restrictive endorsement. 4. partial(p ) endorsement *An endorsement which purports to transfer only a part of the amount of the instrument is called as partial endorsement. Partial endorsement is not valid at law. . Conditional endorsement An endorser may, by express words in the endorsement- (a)Make his liability, or (b)Make the right of endorsee to receive the amount Depend upon the happening of a certain event, although such event may never happen. bankers acceptance Sec. 7 and 86 Meaning of acceptance (sec. 7) (a) The drawee signs the bill and (b) The drawee delivers it to the holder of the bill or the drawee gives notice of acceptance to the holder of the bill. Effect (sec. 7) The drawee becomes the acceptor. Essential of a valid acceptance (sec. ) (a) Written (whether on the face or back of the bill) (b) Signed (signature without the word accepted is also valid) (c) Signing on the bill (d) Delivery or intimation to the holder that the has been accepted. Types of acceptance (sec. 86) (a) General- Acceptance of bill without any qualification. (b) Qualified- Acceptance of bill subject to some qualification (e. g. , evaluate the bill subject to the condition that the payment of bill shall be made only on happening of an event specified there in. Effect of qualified acceptance (sec. 6) (a) The holder may object to the qualified acceptance. In such a case, it shall be treated that the bill is dishonoured due to non- acceptance. (b) He may give his consent to the qualified acceptance. In such a case, all the previous parties, not consenting to it, are carry through. PAYMENT IN DUE COURSE 1. Payment is made as per apparent melodic phrase 2. Payment is made in good faith 3. Payment is made without negligence 4. Payment is made in money only. MATERIAL transmutation Meaning- An vicissitude is called as sensible alteration if it alters- *the character or operation (i. e. he legal effect) of a negotiable instrument, or *the rights and liabilities of the parties to a negotiable instrument. Wha t is material alteration? What is NOT literal allowance? Alteration regarding-(a)Date,(b)Time of payment,(c)Place of payment,(d)Sum payable(e)Opening a crossed cheque,(f)Relationship between parties,(g)Converting an order cheque into a bearer cheque. (a)Filling blank of the instrument,(b)Conversion of blank endorsement into endorsement in full,(c)Crossing of Cheque,(d)Conversion a General Crossing into Special Crossing, like addition of word A/c payee or Not Negotiable. e)Cancelling the word bearer and making cheque payable to order. (f)Alternation made with the consent of the parties. Effect of a material alteration sec. 87 *Any material alteration of a negotiable instrument renders the same void as against any One who is a party there at the time of making such alteration and does not consent thereto. *But, a material alteration is valid, if it was made so as to carry out common intention of the original parties. Negotiation fanny Sec. 90 MeaningWhen an endorser, after he h as negotiated an instrument, again becomes a holder before its maturity, the instrument is said to be negotiated back to that holder. Effect- 1. In a negotiation back, none of the intermediate holder / endorsers is liable to the holder. 2. The general rule, that a holder in due course may sue all prior parties to the instrument does not apply. 3. However, where a prior party has excluded its liability on the instrument and the negotiable instrument is negotiated back to him, he may sue all intermediate endorsers. DISCHARGE OF A NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENT Payment in due course- A negotiable instrument is discharged if the party primarily liable on the negotiable instrument makes the payment in due course. *When the payment is made, the negotiable instrument must be cancelled or the fact of payment must be recorded negotiable instrument. Cancellation- Where the holder cancels the name of the party primarily liable on the negotiable instrument, with intent to discharge him, the negotiable i nstrument is discharged. kick out- Where the holder releases or renounces his right against the party primarily liable on the negotiable instrument, the negotiable instrument is discharge.Negotiation back- Where a party primarily liable on a negotiable instrument becomes the holders of the negotiable instrument, the negotiable is discharged. DISCHAGE OF A PARTY Sec. 82 to 90 Payment- Payment by a party who is secondarily liable on a negotiable instrument discharges the holder and all parties subsequent to the party making payment of the negotiable instrument. Cancellation- Where the holder cancels the name of any party liable on the negotiable instrument (other than the party primarily liable on the negotiable instrument), such a party and all parties subsequent to him are discharged.Release- Where the holder releases any party liable negotiable instrument (other than the party primarily liable on the negotiable instrument), such a party and all parties subsequent to him are discha rged. Allowing drawee more than 48 hours to accept- All prior parties not consenting to the same are discharged from liability to such holder. Qualified acceptance- Where a holder of the bill consents to qualified acceptance, all the prior parties who did not consent to qualified acceptance are discharge. Material alteration- Every party not consenting to a material alteration negotiable instrument is discharged.Negotiation back- Where a party already liable on the negotiable instrument becomes the holder of negotiable instrument, such a party and all intermediate parties to whom such a party was previously liable shall be discharge. Operation of law- *A party is discharged if the negotiable instrument becomes time barred. *A party is discharged if he is declared as an insolvent by the court. Dishonour by Non- Acceptance sec. 91 A bill is dishonoured by non- acceptance if it is duty presented for acceptance, but the drawee refuses to accept the bill.Cases in which bill are dishonour ed by non- acceptance- (a) When the drawee makes default in acceptance upon being duly required to accept the bill. (b) In case there is two or more drawee who are not partners, if the bills is not accepted by all the drawee. (c) Where the drawee is a untrue person. (d) When the drawee can not be found even after a reasonable search. (e) When the drawee is incompetent to contract. (f) Where the drawee gives a conditional acceptance and the holder does not give his consent to the conditional acceptance.Effect- *The holder gets an immediate right to sue all the prior parties. *He need not wait till the maturity of the bill for it to be dishonoured on presentment for payment. Dishonour by Non- Payment sec. 92 A negotiable instrument is dishonoured by non- payment, when presentment for payment is excused and the instrument remain unpaid after maturity- In case of Default in payment made by Promissory note Maker of the note Bill of Exchange Acceptor of the bill. Cheque Drawee of the C heque.