Impact of Teleworking on Innovation

Impact of tele change on debutThis get seeks to seek the relationship between hi-tech firms, in tennertion, and the tele deceaseing trend. Specifically, an examination of the sophisticatednology sector in the UK is provided, followed by explanations of tele prep aring, base, and sophisticated firms as they relate to the scope and focus of this study. The in a higher(prenominal) place is based on published findings of empirical research and published reports. This study then witnesss how teleworking has parcelakeed innovation at the Intel Corporation, a leadership manufacturer of semiconductors who allows employees in certain positions to tele go bad part or all of their workhebdomad. Innovation and impact be confacered at an overall corporate level, rather than at an item-by-item level.Findings of this research indicate that teleworking one to deuce daylightseach week has no discernibly negative impact on innovation, and whitethornactually enhance innovation, provi ded systems to encourage andfacilitate innovation be in place. Implications for judicaturesentering the teleworking atomic number 18na and the sector as a whole atomic number 18 followed by recommendations for high-tech companies and for future research. teleworking is a cultural trend in much of Europe and the Americas. enchantment it provides galore(postnominal) plusses and a few min exercises to the several(prenominal) tele thespians, its impact on transcriptions and curiouslyinnovation at those agreements has non been sufficiently explored.This study seeks to consider the impact teleworking has onorganisations, specifically high-technology organisations, and their efficiency to generate, initiate, and implement recent additions, does and administrative psyches.A review of previously published findings related to to teleworking,innovation, and high-technology is provided, cover charge these topics ingeneral. The focus of the study then narrows, channelressing o rganisationsthat both use and produce high-tech products or services, and finallyconcentrating on innovation in the electronic computer hardware and softwaresector. Ideas and conclusions from these studies are then combinedwith data from Intel Corporation, a leading manufacturer ofsemi-conductors and similar computer products, to analyse the specificimpact of teleworking at Intel.It is hoped the conclusions drawn from Intels experiences go out beuseful to early(a)wise high-tech firms practicing or considering teleworking,as wellhead as encourage others to pursue related research. hi-technology has evolved in the past thirty forms from something outof a science allegory novel to part of the average Britains everydaylife. The UK contributes over 5% of the pieceings research anddevelopment, although it has less than one percent of the worldspopulation. The UK to boot has the larges software and computerservices sector in the EU, and a significant semiconductor industry(Anon 2005). From Bristol, at the end of the M4 hi-tech corridor, toSheffield, where software has replaced steel, to the hi-tech centres inCambridge and Hertfordshire, high-tech is replacing and revitalisingthe declining UK industrial sector.It is important to none that the high-tech sector differs in severaldistinct shipway from other sectors of the economy. First, the speed atwhich technology changes is simply unmatched in other productionsectors. This requires not only constant innovation in product, butconstant innovation in the move and administrative arenas as well(Edquist 2003). Property rights considerations present starkly variantapplications in high-tech organisations. If companies wait until their raw(a) whims were licensed or patented before progressing into production,the grocery leave alone probably pass by them and their product before it evenmoves into sale (Cohan 1997). High-tech organisations are to a fault morelikely to share in formation and partner on produc ts, particularly intheir non-core technologies, and share the profits with another firmrather than miss a market altogether (Edquist 2003).The local high-technology sector differs in some ways from that inother countries. The UK has historically lagged stub the UnitedStates and Japan in its expertness to move a product from idea toproduction in the high-tech arena. UK firms, unless part of aninternational comp some(prenominal) who mandates certain practices, have not make asmuch effort to design intra-organisational systems to encourageinnovation (Surrey 2004). In a study by the University of Surrey,Ellie Runcie stated that after studying UK and U.S. high-tech firms,she found UK organisations have a good deal no discussion at all is do ofthe role of substance abuser research in innovation (Surrey 2004). This is aconcern regarding the UK high-tech sector that motivations to be considered.The UK also has a lower per-capital computer literacy and computer use,particularly in the dwelling sector, than roughly other high-tech nations. Ona more appointed note, the UK government has launched a campaign to sum up computer literacy and hearth computer use. Intel, BT, andMicrosoft are the three study organisations working with the OeE, DTIand DfES on this campaign (Intel 2004).One of these leaders from the high-technology sector, the IntelCorporation, impart be considered in greater detail. Although aU.S.-headquartered firm, Intel has facilities in several places in theUK, as well as worldwide. Intel is a major manufacturer ofsemi-conductors and computer processors, and pull up stakes be apply as an examplein this research of how teleworking can contribute to innovation in thehigh-tech environment.As this study considers the topics of teleworking, innovation, andhigh-technology, it was felt necessary to define and focalize parameters foreach. The following literature is considered in the scope of thisresearch, with specific delineations of the three prim ary(prenominal) study componentsoutlined in detail.We have recently entered an important new sort in the ongoinginformation technology revolution. It is difficult to pick up abusiness magazine or newspaper today without reading close anorganisation offering teleworking and practical(prenominal) offices for remoteworkers. on that point has been fair media coverage in how companies haveembraced the idea of teleworking, including the likes of ATT,Ernst and Young and IBM. A monthly magazine is even devoted totodays negotiable workplace, Telecommute, published by the nationaltrade organisation, the International teleworking Advisory Council(ITAC).Part of a general trend towards remote work, teleworking is a natural head of the information revolution, fuelled by the growth of friendship work and the rapid advance in technology. The trend isconsistent with predictions made by futurist Alvin Toffler in his 1980book The Third Wave, that the attitude of work would develop typicalsites such(prenominal) as offices or factories, and begin to take place in alllocations.Teleworking is especially becoming popular in high-technologyorganisations. During my work localisation at Intel Corporation, I wasalso exposed to different team members teleworking from home one to twodays per week. While this trend is popular with employees, it behovestodays high-technology company to consider the impact of teleworkingon innovation. This sector of the business environment is particularlydependent on innovation to wait viable, and it is important,therefore, that the initiation and execution of instrument of innovation not besacrificed to worker preference.Examination of various sources reveals a lack of consensus as to thedefinition of teleworking, or as it is some quantifys called, teleworking. Teleworking is more harsh in European literature,while telecommuting is more common in but not limited to Americanliterature. Unfortunately, this lack of a universally accepteddefiniti on of teleworking causes problems academically as either termcan be used to sloshed home-working, working-at-a-distance, off-siteworkers, or remote-workers, it hinders the ability to comparefindings from different sources. Therefore, it is necessary to chooseand define a angiotensin converting enzyme term before proceeding.The term telework is generally preferred on this side of theAtlantic, and will be used here. Huws, Korte, and Robinson (1990)define telework as work which is independent of the location of theemployer or contractor and can be changed according to the wishes ofthe individual teleworkers and/or the organisation for which he or sheis working (10). Olson (1988) argues, the term telework is used torefer to organisational work performed outside of the normalorganisational confines of space and time, augmented by computer and dialogues technology. The work is not necessarily performed in thehome (77). The EU holds that telework covers a sick of new ways ofworking, usi ng the tele discourses as a tool and, for at to the lowest degree partof the time, outside a handed-down office environment (EuropeanCommission, 1996, 11). Jack Nilles define telecommuting as an arrangement that entailsworking outside the conventional workplace and communication by way oftelecommunications or computer-based technology (Bailey and Kurkland,2000). agree to The American Telecommuting Association, 2002,telecommuting is replacing or supplementing physical travel to theoffice by using modern telecommunications equipment to bring officeresources to the employee. While computers serve to augmenttelecommuting, it is possible to telecommute with only paper, penciland telephone.Distilling the above into a workable definition, important elements of telework for the purpose of this study admit the person doing the telework is an employee of the organisation for which she or he works computers and communication technology are used it is not necessarily performed in the home, but does occur outside a traditional office environmentTelework is therefore defined as any existent part of an employeeswork performed by employees that is physically separated from thelocation of their employer using information technology (IT) foroperation and communication.Three groups are affected by teleworking the employers ororganisations, the individual teleworkers, and society as a whole.Benefits and drawbacks to individual teleworkers vary greatly fromperson to person, and are difficult to evaluate. Benefits to societyare primarily environmental, as reduced commuting decreases pollutionand reduces transportation-related injury. This study will thereforefocus on the affect of teleworking on the employer or organisation.Areas of benefit include increase productivity and financialadvantages. Drawbacks security measures concerns, management issues, andreduction in interaction and interchange of ideas. Each of thesebenefits and drawbacks will have impact on innovatio n inhigh-technology environments. change magnitude PRODUCTIVITYAccording to The American Telecommuting Association, various surveyshave documented teleworking employees productivity gains of up to 60%(1992). They claim that extra productivity is systematically clocked at10-15% in nearly every study in the past two decades. The SocialMarket Foundation (2004) argues that teleworking can increaseproductivity by up to 30%. They pass on claim that the more than twomillion UK workers now regularly telecommute with employees use thetime surrenderd from commuting and meetings for extra work. Huws (1992),Salmon and Shamir (1985), Caudron (1992), and Metzger and Von Glinow(1998) all report indications of improved productivity, reliability andwork quality among teleworkers.The increase in employee productivity resulted from teleworking isalso supported by G. E. Gordon, who claims there are a variety ofreasons for increased productivity in employees who telework. Theseinclude decreased time spent commuting to work, fewer distractions inthe workplace, and giving telecommuters the prospect to better matchtheir work times with their peak productive periods. He notes thatproductivity gains ranging from 15-30% are common with such programs(Gordon 1986).Employee motivation is another cited reason for improved productivity.Employees perceive world the ability to telework as an indication thattheir employers have sufficient trust and faith in them to workindependently. It could also be argued that teleworkers in fact workharder than non-teleworking employees as they feel the need to prove totheir office peers that they are not indolent as a result of working athome without supervision. Teleworkers may also feel the need to workharder to gain promotions ().However, various theorists argue that some employees find that becausethey have their work resources at home, they tend to work more. Thiscould interfere with family life. In addition, telework can be viewedas an rape o f the workplace in the home. The office at home is aconstant reminder of work. There is the real problem of definingconcrete working hours when the distraction of home life is a constantpresence. Working hours and social versus home time can acquireblurred. Another form of intrusion is when family members or socialinterruptions constantly disrupt teleworkers from completing work.This may add extra pressures and stress. Teleworking employees whoexperience such disruption and time management issues may actually havedecreased motivation and productivity overdue to these outside factors.Therefore, it is important that employees exercising their option totelework draw strong boundaries that will enable them to work feelingively. Guidance from the organisation and possiblity sometraining in effective teleworking should be included by an organisationemploying teleworkers. smith (1997) suggests telecommuting reduces absenteeism amongstemployees. For example, employees who may feel too i ll to complete afull day and commute, may be well enough to work a overtone day.Individuals are more likely to continue working even when feelingunwell due to universe in a more comfortable and relaxed work environment,i.e. their home. smith counters that teleworkers a good deal havedifficulty, especially at first, with separating home and work time.This increases if children are in the teleworking location, most likelythe home. However, adjustments are usually successful in the dogged term. Further, the Bureau of Labour Statistics reports that businessproductivity, the measure or output per work hour, has locomote 2.8% since1998. This correlates positively and directly with an increase inteleworking. Teleworking has been perhaps, therefore, most effective inincreasing productivity. Clearly, these gracious resource managers are very well-provided with theirprograms and believe their telecommuters are satisfied as well. Ifhalf of the firms included in the above research are describe morework through with(p) at a better quality in comparing to the traditional workforce, there must be considerable merit to teleworking increasingproductivity.FINANCIAL SAVINGSTeleworking can also save firms bills in a number of ways. It providesthe employer with an expanded pool of potential employees. The skillsof employees with commuting difficulties, childcare conflict,disabilities and geographical barriers employees are all made availableto the employer who adopts the telecommuting practice. metalworker (1997)supports this, claiming teleworking offers attractive workingconditions, which aid in the recruitment and retention of skilledemployees and religious service to reduce voluntary separation of key employees.This represents considerable nest egg to the employer in terms ofreduced hiring and training costs.Reduced overhead is another financial benefit. Teleworking reducestime and travel costs for meetings, conferences and training thusminimising organisational overheads. Individual teleworkers alsobenefit from reduced costs in transportation, clothing, childcare, andreduced absenteeism.Teleworking can also tending firms re master(prenominal) in the kindred location and avoidfuture relocation to larger premises. This particular cost saving ishighly salaried due to the increasing real estate prices in urbanareas today and the substantial cost savings in office space. Peoplewho telework do not use office space and do not create overheads. Evenin case of odd-job(prenominal) teleworking space savings are generated. This isevident at IBM, who is expected to save between 15 to 20 percent inspace requirements by taking remote the desks of more than five thousandof its employees and telling them to work at home, in their car, or attheir clients offices (Swinton 2002).The claim that teleworking reduces organisational overheads is alsosupported by BT who introduced its Workstyle 2000 waxy workingprogramme ten years ago. The claim that the pro gramme has saved them134m as a result of teleworking practices. This includes reducing thenumber of employee desks in London from 10,000 to 3,000, saving 6,000per desk per year. There has also been a five% reduction in companycar mileage, resulting in fuel savings of 9.7m this year alone. BTalso reports a 20% increase in productivity and that 75% of alltelephone conferences are replacements of face-to-face meetings. Opponents of teleworking argue there are often some initial increasedcosts due to outfitting the teleworkers and making adjustments tocompany computers to accommodate them. cover (1995) claims thattelecommuting programs lead to extra costs. He claims that extra coststypically involve additional equipment requirements and keep theprovision of human being resource services, training, fringe benefits, andrelocating. He continued to argue that the indecision of cost alsoincludes the equipment and space costs associated with telecommutingprogram and that telephones and el ectronic equipment cost more fortelecommuters than for traditional workers.It is important that hardware and software provided to teleworkersstarts out and remains uniform because this simplifies supportimmensely. The ask initial investment and length of time forpayback will vary sharp from company to company, however, with themost technologically advanced incurring the least upfront costs. Giventhat high-tech firms are those under consideration in this study andthey have the most access to the latest and most efficient technology,it then follows that these expenditures do not detract from the savingsfor high-tech firms adopting or practicing teleworking. Additionally, many companies report current pressures on their supportdesk and according to Classe (2000) this will intensify by theintroduction of a remote workforce. As teleworkers usually worknon-standards hours, longer hours of support cover may be required,which will confer additional associated costs to the employer. Thecost factor for such support mete out crossways a larger high-tech companywill have little impact the same costs spread across a smaller companymay be significant and should be considered a potential drain onresources that could support innovation implementation.SECURITYSecurity is a major concern for high-tech companies with teleworkingemployees. orphic information must be accessible to theteleworkers remotely, information that may range from a product indevelopment to a change in production methods to sharp profiles offuture customer bases. This makes the same information more accessibleto hackers and competitors it is highly unlikely a company couldafford or an employee would want equal security measures on theirprofessional facilities and residences.In addition, information used and generated by teleworkers willtypically be uploaded to a server for accessibility. Others inside thecompany then have increased chance of access, compromisingintra-company security.Eric von Hippel, ho wever, in his study of knowledge location andinnovation solving, noted conducting innovation-related problemsolving at remote sites need not agree an innovators ability toprotect commercially important secrets (1994). While greaterpotential for security breaches exist, this in no way indicatessecurity need be compromised by teleworkers. focal pointOne of the biggest problems for managers and mental faculty involved withtelework is measuring and monitoring the work done by employees.Management recognise that it is easier to monitor the level of workdone by employees when they are in the office and managers often worrythat their round will not work as hard from home. Teleworking presentspotential issues with the ability to discipline telecommutingemployees, provide a passage path, and provide promotionalopportunities. Those in supervisory positions often see difficultiesin relation to mangers human resource management responsibilities(Werdigier and Neibuhr 2002). Ford (1995) also raisies the issue of the telecommutting impact on thesupervisors span of control. Due to the workers being so spread out,Ford claims that many companies will be forced to reduce the averagespan of supervisory and will not have sufficent control to accommodatethe unique problems of telecommuters. Ford suggests that another majoraspect of the supervisory issue is the ability of the manager tocontrol distractions in the work setting and to ensure that theemployee does not become displaced from the cosy help and adviceavailable through interaction with a work group.Clearly, managers of such programs need to be trained in remotesupervision. In addition, they should recognise the casualty thattheir teleworking employees may not have adequate to(predicate) access to training,career and promotional opportunities. More importantly, theseemployees may miss the informal information sharing that occurs in atraditional work environment. This will be shown to have a significantimpact on innova tion. bring down SOCIAL INTERACTION AND POLITICAL INFLUENCESocial isolation seems to be mostly acknowledged by scholars as themost significant potential or actual drawback of teleworking. Whilesome employees welcome the new freedom that comes with lesssupervision, others say they miss the chumminess and socialinteraction that comes with face-to-face office operations. However,this usually depends on the professional level of the employee. Smith(1997) argues that the higher the level, then the more electroniccontacts and networks hence, less social isolation is experienced.Video conferencing could help ease the psychological trauma that comeswith social isolation, allowing multiple numbers of raft to converseand perform work together in an electronic version of face-to-facecommunication. This may allow teleworkers to increase the humanemotion and communicational flexibility often lacking in electroniccommunication. Social isolation also implies that for teleworkersthere is minimal peer availability for informal work relateddiscussions as one might get, for example, in a staff cafeteria atlunch times.In addition, teleworkers may lack the political connections and cloutto get innovations approved or funded. With reduced opportunities tobuild relationships on the job, they are forced to propose or supportinnovation just on the merits of the proposal (Werdigier and Neibuhr2002). While this theoretically could be a positive result ofteleworking, in practice it reduces the chance of advanced(a) input fromteleworkers being initiated or implemented.DECREASED KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGEIt could similarly be argued that the largest detraction of teleworkingon innovation in high-technology organisations is the reduction ofknowledge exchange from employee interaction. Informal and proximitylearning is an ongoing opportunity for training in the traditionaloffice environment not available to teleworkers. If both are in thesame location, an inexperienced worker can observe anoth er moreexperienced worker and learn from this observation. This is asignificant training tool for office-based or facility-based workersand one of the main ways knowledge is acquired and exchanged in anorganisation (Classe 2000).CASE STUDY BTThe various benefits of telecommuting to the employer can be supportedby the findings of a study conducted amongst 2000 BT employees (2002).The study revealed that enabling staff to work from home resulted inincreased company productivity and better employee health and qualityof life. BT claimed that telecommuting saved them 35m a year inaccommodation, recruitment costs and absenteeism and that teleworkerswere four times less likely to take sick days, averaging three days offa year compared with twelve for office-based staff.The study also revealed that almost 80% of teleworkers claimed to bemore productive thank to reduced disruption, commuting time andstress, and greater flexibility about when and where to work.According to Alison Garner, mar keting manager for social responsibilityat BT making staff feel part of the BT community was key to theschemes success.Although a small number of teleworkers complain about increased workinghours, four out of five survey respondents claimed that teleworking isimportant or very important for their quality of life. Almostthree-quarters described their work/life end as good or verygood. BT also maintained that its teleworking policies paying off interms of staff recruitment and retention.CASE STUDY THE SUSTEL PROJECTThe Sustel Project, created in 2002 by the EUs Information SocietyTechnologies programme, found that telework increases businessresilience since it allows work to be done when twist operations aredisrupted by factors such as the weather.The Project also showed that the go of telework on human capitaldevelopment, the personal competencies and skills needed to createwealth, was mostly positive. Seven of the studies found that teleworkhad a significantly positive effect on internal communication andknowledge sharing, often due to the conscious implementation oftechnological tools during telework program deployment. At theindividual level, the main financial benefit of telework was reducedcommuting costs, which almost all respondents saw as being greater thanthe increased cost of energy in their home.BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS CONCLUSIONAt the present time there is a lot of controversy in both academic andpractitioner literatures with respect to how telecommuting affectsorganisation employees. At one extreme, telecommuting is considered aflexible work arrangement that will solve a multitude of problems. Atthe other extreme, authors have implicated telecommuting causing anumber of negative consequences including loneliness, isolation,exploitation and increased stress. While there are a legitimate numberof potentially negative personal effects of telework, these effects can beminimized by proper program management.A balance view is presented from Baruch an d Nicholson (1997) andGoodrich (1990) who claim that the best output from telecommuting isachieved if it is conducted on a part-time basis. They argue,teleworking on a part-time basis can foreclose or significantly reducethe social isolation of teleworkers.There are a number of benefits and drawbacks that should be consideredspecifically by high-tech organisations implementing teleworkprogrammes. From a broad organisational perspective, the positives ofsuch a programme seem to outweigh the negatives. However, the twodrawbacks of teleworking with legitimate effect on innovation in thehigh-technology sector are reduced political influence, and knowledgeavailability and exchange. As these have been identified as ofgreatest impact, these areas will be focused on in this study.As with teleworking, there are a number of different proposeddefinitions of innovation. One of the most complete is offered byDamanpour (1996), who defines innovation as the adoption of an idea orbehaviour new to the adopting organisation, which usually occurs as aresponse to changes in the external environment or as a pre-emptiveaction to influence the environment (694). Innovation is departingfrom existent norms and practices, and requires happen taking(Damanpour 1996, 698). Edquist (2003) defines innovation as newcreations of economic significance, primarily carried out by firms(2). Depending on the researcher, innovation is held to require either twoor four steps to implementation. In the four-step sample, theinnovative idea is first discovered or created. This usually happenswith one individual or a small number of individuals working as ateam. The idea is then presented to and accepted by a decision-makingleader or body. Initial adoption of the innovative idea by theorganisation is the beside step, with the company allocating someresources to the development of the idea, such as pilots or testcases. Implementation occurs when the innovative idea reaches broadacceptance within the organisation and becomes part of its regularproduct, process, or routine (Styles and Goddard 2004). The two-stepcombines the first three steps of the four-step model under oneheading, initiation (Damanpour 1996).There are three types of innovation product innovation, processinnovation and administrative innovation (Edquist 2003). Allcompanies, and small firms in particular, are more likely to introducein the product arena, where results are tangible and measurable.Larger firms will also innovate in process areas. However, processinnovation is more difficult to implement than product, as it requireschange across multiple systems. Administration innovation occurs mostfrequently in large, structurally complex companies, as it requires themost widespread changes to the organisation (Damanpour 1996). Innovation within these three areas can be radical or incremental.Radical innovation produces fundamental changes in the activities ofthe organisation and represent a large departure from existingpractices (Damanpour 1996, 699). Radial innovation requires a largerknowledge base and free resources. Incremental innovation is adoptedmore slowly, and produces less pronounced changes to organisationalsystems and activities.Innovation, therefore, is defined in this study as a change in theproduct, process or administration of an organisation a new idea thatdeparts from existing norms and practices to respond to the firmscurrent or future environment.Innovation implementation requires knowledge, creativity, politicalsupport (within the organisation), and adequate resources. Increasingany of the above or making the systems that control them moreeffective, therefore, has a positive effect on innovation. Asinnovation requires both change and risk, companies will only undertakeinnovation if it is perceived as necessary to their survival or can beshown to have financial incentives.Recognizing the forces private road the organisation to innovate isimportant. For example, environ mental uncertainty and environmentalcomplexity both contribute to increased innovation. Uncertainty aboutthe future leads directly to a concerted effort to increase knowledgebase and exchange. This influx of information then leads to increasedinnovation (Damanpour 1996). This is especially evident inhigh-technology firms, where a market leader product today may becompletely obsolete by next year. Definite, articulated identificationof the need for and support of innovation within the organisationgreatly enhances the chance of implementation of an innovative idea.Similarly, development or adjusting organisational systems to encourageand support innovation increases the chance of innovative success.Damanpour found that large organisations can facilitate theimplementation of innovations by adopting more flexible structures andorganising themselves into smaller units (1996, 700). Creation ofinnovative ideas is more likely in complex organizations, where thereis a larger knowledge base a nd an increase in knowledge exchange(Damanpour 1996). However, larger organisations are less likely tomove innovative ideas to implementation as they are typically moreformalized, with lower managerial incentive to innovation (Hitt,Hoskisson and Ireland 1990).An example of this is IBM, which made a sy

The Religious Democracy And Its Theocracy Politics Essay

The Religious res publica And Its Theocracy Politics EssayThe prohibitedbreaks of the belated 20th century were especi both(prenominal)y nonable in light of the westerly assumption that less veritable countries would natur al one and only(a)y secularize their g wholly overnmental relation and out-of-the-way(prenominal)ming as they moderneized their society and economy. Instead, rapidly developing Iran succumbed in 11 February 1979 to a religious revolution direct by Imam Khomeini. presently after, an interim g all toldwherenment in Tehran gave way to a political material body of organisation in early 1980 that made so numerous changes in its policies, the most crucial one was to practice the idea of Muslim bulk rule in which the governance was to wed with theology of Shiite Islam indissolubly.However, in that location outlast opposite and nevertheless contending conceptions as to what give actu completelyy it is. Some deal that the form of Muslim Republi c is bonnie a theocracy1and just about separates has accepted the governanceal theocratic character of the regime.2Some argue that theocracy as the state of God on earth has not fully realized in so far and frankincense prior to this full realization, theocracy rouse coexist with both casual system of humans presidency. This coexisted or combined form of government is an ecclesiocracy that explore to give the human religious pecking order absolute control over the political power of a state.3Whereas to another one, theocracy shtup occur in any society where a powerful religious assort or combining of religious groups has/ pee the decisive function in a ruling political or judicial system.4On the contrary, just about look at that the Moslem Republic is just one kind among so some(prenominal) democracies5or one of the most republican states.6Even the US officials who use to oppose the current Islamic Regime in the past 23 long time, now insist that in that resp ect be some democratic characteristics put together in there.7 on that point be also others who observe it as a totalitarian totalism, an absolutist autocracy, oligarchy or even all clerical oligarchy and natter Islamic Republic a clerical regime.8What I am breathing out to argue here is that on the path of human development towards matinee idol and human felicity throughout human society, the Islamic Republic in Iran has brought a kind of mixed or combined form of government that includes the best characteristics of several(a) forms prescribed by the Islamic principles and norms and the current practices that whitethorn ensure the active and broad participation of all segments of society in the serve up of neighborly development, as explicitly mentioned in its throw awayupal Law.Forms of Governments nearly of the key words comm provided used to describe forms of governments, such as monarchy, oligarchy, and nation, are of Greek or Roman origin. The central question of politics in all these was always the same the distri neverthelession of power among the citizens so that freedom and contentment is best preserved and defined. Plato believed that the object of politics was virtue, and that only a fewer would ever thoroughly understand the science, which believed to contemplate all truth and all existence by which virtue could be reach and only these trained few, then, should rule. To his view the best was the form in which great powers are philosophers or philosophers are kings which could be either monarchy or aristocracy simply the fundamental natural laws of the republic depart be maintained. To this perfect rarefied of just and good succeeds different forms of oligarchy, democracy, tyranny after which Plato added some other middling forms of government plainly all these are nondescripts and whitethorn be effect equally among Hellenes and among barbarians.9But his pupil, Aristotle, gave another disciplineification of the forms of government. To him the government which is the supreme ascendence in states could be in the hands of one, or of a few, or of the many and based on the purpose of a state, it may try either the world-wide fire or the private interest. Accordingly there would be three (not one) true up forms of kingship or royalty, aristocracy or a constitution and three perversions that are tyranny oligarchy, or democracy.10In analyzing various forms of governments of the time, Aristotle, however, came to this impulse that the whole system of government tends to be neither democracy nor oligarchy, alone something in a mean between them.11This combination form of government could be copn in the new monarchy of Macedon arose and mounted in the battle against Sparta and capital of Greece (338 BC) and also in Rome that emerged as the vigorousest state in the Mediterranean after the victory of Hannibal at Zama (202 BC). The Greek historian Polybius, who chronicled Romes rise, suggested that its constitution was such a success be dumbfound it was a judicious blend of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. The Romans, a conservative, practical hoi polloi, showed what they thought of such abstractions by speaking only of an crude public thingres publicaand thus gave a new word to politics.From then forwards various combined or blend forms governments were bound up every where in the being. Justinian, the greatest of the eastern Roman emperors, in the 6th century, Charlemagne, king of the Franks, in 800, and later centuries the dynasties of Hohenstaufen and Habsburg so, as late as the 19th century, did forty winks Bonaparte assay to restore the empire though none were succeeded. In the 7th century the Arab Muslims defeated the first of the 2 great powers of the time and conquered rather many parts of the second in North Africa and Spain. Beside to the strong monarchies that gradually developed almost everywhere in the world, various institutions and social classes were to fill the gap too. The church and the mosque, against enormous odds, had kept the light of pietism and learning alive and spread what was left of Roman and Islamic shade into modern city-states. Military aristocracy called nobiles in the Roman fashion and appropriated various late imperial titles such as comes (count), dux (duke) and khans have also good powers. This dynamism in European society and elsewhere in the world opposeed it from setting unchangingly into this or any other form and invention even in the most characteristic governmental form of the modern world, the nation-state.The application of the principle of parliamentary representation together with the concepts of divine, natural, and customary law as a restraint on the exercise of power similarly some other fundamental occurrences of the Enlightenment and the Renaissance, the Reformation, the discovery of America and the American and French revolutions caused a new form of government known as modern d emocracy which is quite different from that of old Greek. The modern democracy repudiated the divine right of kings, the ascendancy of the nobility and the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church. equivalence before the law was to replace the system of privileges that characterized the old regimes and judicial procedures were insisted upon to check abuses by the king or his nerve. By destroying the monarchy, a republic was set up and its centuries-old labours were crowned. Now in the name of rationality, liberty, and equality (fraternity is not a foremost concern anymore), the nation makes the quest its own. Free option of government bodies under (eventual) universal suffrage, competition for office through organized and permanent parties, freedom of speech and the press, and the rule of law together with greater ascertain for the working classes, women and opposeders are common in all three staple senses of a form of government either as direct, representative or constitution al (liberal) democracy.Theocracy, too, derived from 2 Greek words meaning rule by the deity, was the name given to political regimes that contain to represent the Divine on earth both directly and immediately. Most governments throughout history and crosswise cultures have claimed to be following their gods designs or to be legitimated by a divine mandate. The kings in a number of ancient civilizations had been worshipped as gods on earth so, by definition, the king could not be treat and in a number of others the Gods prophets or theologically trained elites were the rulers on behalf of Him and rule by divine right.As the holly books, archaeologists, and historians show, the ancient Hebrews, Tibetans, and Egyptians lived in theocracies for some of their history. Theocracies are also found indoors the three great heavenly faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as Hinduism and Buddhism. Some examples are Jesus heart of the dawning of the Kingdom of God, and not anyo ne else12or the fulfilment on universe of Gods will as the central theme of Jesus teaching, and his expressly rejection of any collaboration with the Roman emperor,13the community established by the prophet Muhammad in Medina in 622, and ruled by him until his passing away in 632,14the pompous States under various popes whose purpose was to manage worldwide Catholicism, fundamentalism as seen within modern Judaism of Gush Emunim and the Haredim15, within Christianity of Jehovahs Witnesses, within Protestant Christians of Evangelicals and some political action groups,16within Hindu nationalists in India, Sikh radicals in Punjab, and Buddhistic militants in Sri Lanka, within Sunni Muslims in the political activities of Muslim Brotherhood. The more measurable one within Shiite Islam is the Islamic Republic of Iran, during which a Shiite teaching retrieved and developed into a politically useful doctrine the Rule of the Jurist.Religious countryThe form of government in revolutionar y Iran is neither a doctor theocracy in which people have no say in their political destiny nor a bushel democracy in which peoples vote can change every thing from the bottom to the top of the political pecking order whenever they wish. Rather, as the official name of the Islamic Republic illustrates, it is a combination of all forms of government previously known especially both these two special forms theocracy and democracy and in some parts quite different from both sole of them, if one can set about or even imagine.The characteristic of this combined form of government and the major building layover of the Islamic regime in Iran, as explicitly stated in several articles of the Constitution and the spirit surrounding it, is based on two pillars. One pillar is that of inspired by Imam Khomeinis notion of the rank(a) Rule of the Jurist (Velayat-e Motlaqeh-e Faqih) by which the leading cleric has no terminus ad quem over society and politics and he is the one last sic th at can make the decisions to the benefit of all citizens. He is pick out by the whole people in an uprising like what happened in February 1979 that led to the leadership of Imam Khomeini or by the Assembly of Experts (the representatives of people in the main clerics) through a popular suffrage of both sexes of 15 years and more like what happened in the nomination of Ayatollah Khamenei in June 1989. The ruling justice is just one nominee among so many other theologians and check to Shiite tradition, and is identified as the successor of the 12th Imam. The latter kind of election is similar to the election of the US electric chair by the Electoral College. stand at the top of the political hierarchy as the Supreme draw and equal with others against the law, the ruling jurist supervises the three branches of the government. The regular armed forces, the Islamic Guards Corps, the police, and the radio and television network are under his command and he determines the direction of orthogonal policy and any other whole compassing or general policy. He appoints the Supreme Judges, has the power to dismiss the elected President, and selects the sixer jurists of the twelve-member Council of Guardians.The second pillar is the democratic institutions that have been well incorporated in the Constitution. Under section The Form of Government in Islam, the preamble of the Constitution reads that the government does not derive from the interests of a class, nor does it serve the domination of an separate or a group. It expressly asserts that Government represents the fulfillment of the political ideal of a people who bear a common faith and common outlook, fetching an organized form in order to initiate the process of intellectual and ideological evolution towards the final goal, i.e., movement towards Allah God. The Constitution guarantees the rejection of all forms of intellectual and social tyranny and economical monopoly, and aims at entrusting the destin ies of the people to the people themselves in order to break completely with the system of oppression. (This is in amity with the Quranic verse He removes from them their burdens of the fetters that were upon them.17The Constitution devotes Chapter 5 including six articles to the Right of theme Sovereignty and the Powers Deriving there from and explains the fact that the Iranian people have a lot say in the management of their country and how every one of them is the master of his own social destiny. The National Sovereignty is considered a divine right dedicated from Absolute sovereignty of God over the world and man and should never been deprived or subordinated to the vested interests of a particular undivided or group. (Article 56) Separation of Powers into three independent ones of legislature, judiciary, and executive public presentation under the supervision of the absolute religious Leader and the Leadership of the Ummah, in accordance with the forthcoming articles of thi s Constitution has been accepted in Article 57. lineal recourse to popular vote through a referendum, as a function of the legislature, is also anticipated by Article 59 for cases of highly important economic, political, social, and cultural matters.The Islamic Consultative Assembly, as national assembly, is established by the representatives of the people elected directly and by secret vote (Article 62) and has the power to establish laws on all matters (Article 71) and has the right to investigate and understand all the affairs of the country (Article 76) including a vote of confidence or a vote of no confidence to the Council of Ministers (Articles 87-88) and can interpellate the Council of Ministers or an individual Minister or even the President. (Article 89) In this way not only the national executive power, but all local governments of provinces, cities, divisions, villages and other officials appointed by the government must abide by all decisions taken by the councils (A rticle 103) elected by the people of the locality in question. (Article 100)Democratic concepts such as equality before the law, rights of life, liberty and the prosecution of happiness, freedom of belief, conscience, association, assembly and the press, secrecy of communication, recourse to the courts, respect for minority and womens rights, economic development, and social justice are all explicitly expressed in Chapter 3 (Articles 19-43) of the Constitution and several guarantees have been given to succeed. The judiciary as an independent power and the protector of the rights of the individual and society is one of these important guarantees. Concerning status and duties of the Judiciary, Article 156 reads suchThe judiciary is responsible for the implementation of justice, and entrusted with canvas and passing judgement on grievances, violations of rights, and complaints the resolution of litigation the settling of disputes and the taking of all necessary decisions and measur es in probate matters as the law may determine restoring public rights and promoting justice and legitimate freedoms supervising the proper enforcement of laws uncovering crimes prosecuting, punishing, and chastising criminals and enacting the penalties and provisions of the Islamic penal code and taking suitable measures to prevent the occurrence of crime and to reform criminals.The concept of Velayat-e Amr va Imamat-e Mostamir (rule by the leader and the permanent leadership), accord to the preamble of the Constitution is another such guarantees of those democratic rights in which an all qualified and trustworthy jurist, recognized as leader by the people, is to prevent any deviation by the various organs of State from their essential Islamic duties. Article 107 too asserts that the Jurist is an elected one either by recognition and acceptance as marji and Leader by a decisive majority of the people as happened for Imam Khomeini, the pass of the Islamic Republic of Iran, or by the Assembly of Experts which is also elected by the people. The Experts are to review and consult among themselves concerning all the fuqaha (jurists) possessing the qualifications specified in Articles 5 and 109 namely scholarship in different fields offiqh, jurist and piety right political and social perspicacity, prudence, courage, administrative facilities and adequate capacity for leadership. (Article 109) The Article adds that in case of multiplicity of persons fulfilling the above qualifications and conditions, the person possessing the mend jurisprudential and political perspicacity will be given preference.It is true that the Supreme Religious Leader is at the top of the government hierarchy and can make final decisions of general policies but it is only if in accordance with the articles of this Constitution (Article 57) and after consultation with the Nations Exigency Council that consists of the heads of the three branches and some other relative cabinet and Parlia ment members, all Council of Guardians members, and a few more experts (Article 112) to which some heads of different parties and political fractions are added in action. When the rewrite of the Constitution comes, as Article 177 expresses, some contents are immutable among them the Islamic character of the political system the basis of all the rules and regulations according to Islamic criteria and the religious footing the democratic character of the government the Velayat-e Amr the Imamate of Ummah and the administration of the affairs of the country based on national referenda.In so doing, the government in Iran is quite different from dictatorship or tyranny in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The religious democracy is thus a form of government which links religion and peoples beliefs to their will and wishes. There seems no conflict in its dual genuineness of the Islamic Republic or any juxtaposition between popular sovereignty of the president or parliament and supervision of the ruling jurist. The letter of the constitution asserts on the equality of the two pillars in order to get the goal which is virtue, happiness and as a whole the movement toward God Almighty.In speculation too, as Poul wind vaneer has noted, there is no reason why a theocracy and a democratic form of government are incompatiblevox populi, vox dei (the voice of the people is the voice of God),18a combination that seems possible and rational for gibe Schmid to conclude that because Islam is compatible with both secularism and democracy, a religious democracy is in Irans future.19According to Soroushs theory of Contraction and Expansion of Religious Interpretation too, secularism and democracy not only do not threaten religion but also they merely help to increase the understanding of religion and all are complementary, for the religious understanding is merely a variety of human understanding.20Soroush continues in an interview thatThere is no single God-given shape for Islamic government The system of Velayat-e Faqih, introduced by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, is an anachronism though religion itself is sacred, its interpretation is not sacred and therefore it is criticizable, modifiable, refinable, and redefinable.21One may ask why a sole theocracy or a sole democracy is not favourable or even desirable among the majority of Iranian Muslims and why we hire such a combination. The answer is that theocracy as an absolute sovereignty of God to the will of man and the state is far from our hands because we are sometimes unable to understand the true Gods will and commandment. much(prenominal) understanding and knowledge requires long preparation, several degrees of training, and education lot are not able to comprehend Gods will through the explanations contained in the Quran and the Sunna. Acquiring such comprehension requires several years o f studies and overmuch effort.22And in some other times we are unwilling to abdicate to His will and law, and to implement His orders in our daily life for virtue need much much effort, deprivation, and abnegation.23Furthermore when they do gain power, theocracies tend to be short lived for a number of reasons, some internal to the regime and others out-of-door to it. Internally, clerics trained in religious doctrine and jurisprudence, are rarely dexterous in political, economic and other social matters and have impediment maintaining a complex modern society. When corruption occurs among government officials, ensuing scandals undermine religion as well as politics if those officials are also clerics. cheekiness grows among the nonclerical populace when religious laws seem arbitrary or excessively unforgiving and are enforced through civil power. Religious taxes, imposed on top of other taxes, especially in times of economic hardship, cause added resentment. Finally, clerics who presume to speak in the name of the Divinity have difficulty engaging in normal compromises so essential for political effectiveness. such compromises may even seem to them to be immoral or sinful. Finally, in states controlled by one or no party, which theocracies tend to be, police are very much tempted to resort to brutality and other harsh measures that undermine the legitimacy of the regime.Externally, rulers in other nations often fear the exportation of religious dogma backed by political power and move to isolate a theocratic regime. And because secular cultures from outside can exert a constant seductive influence on young people through music, arts, clothes, and movies, and immerse them with political ideas of freedom, democracy, and equality, a theocratic regime is inclined to limit suffer with the outside world. Such actions increase isolation of the country but often lead to a fascination with the outside and an underground opposition to the regime. Such condi tions are not conducive to longevity, and theocracies rarely outlive their founding generation.The sole democracy is not the best form of government either. That is why you see different types of democratic governments in the world. Even Great Britain and the United States, nations with comparatively similar cultures, politics, and economies, have developed significantly different forms of democracy. Besides, many governments at once (around 140 out of 191 states) in the most parts of the world claim to be democratic in the ascendant. Numerous authoritarian and totalitarian states, notably the communist nations of the 20th century, had also adopted outwardly democratic governments that hitherto were dominated by a single authorized party with no opposition. States with Marxist ideologies asserted that political consensus and collective ownership of the instrument of takings (i.e., economic democracy) were sufficient to ensure that the will of the people would be carried out. More over, there are some chemical elements still threatening the existence of this democracy class conflicts muted rather than resolved, nationalism still distorted voters judgments in matters of foreign policy, demagogues abounded as much as they ever did in ancient Athens, and many politicians were corrupt. Furthermore democracy places high value on the freedom of the individual and generally stresses the self-directed, self-contained, and comparatively unrestrained individual or ego. This characteristic as Alexis de Tocqueville described is a kind of moderate selfishness, disposing human beings to be relate only with their own small circle of family and friends.ConclusionIt is right that in some cases (such as Egyptian nationalism, Taliban imposition of sharia in Afghanistan and ibn Talal Hussein Husseins holy war in 1991 and 2003) we may find some unclear forms of government which claimed to establish a true theocratic or democratic form of government but failed to do so, or some tried to use religious rhetoric, symbolism, and values for nationalistic purposes, or religious ideals may be used to win popular support for liberation from foreign domination, from an autocratic ruling elite or to encourage economic renewal, but one can surely find some historical and coetaneous examples to support a true combination of different forms of government as the Islamic Republic in Iran was a combination of such ideals and facts.This form of Iranian government is neither a sole theocracy or ecclesiocracy nor an oligarchy either clerical or financial or military, nor a sole democracy of its any kinds but a political order between them all the head of the state elected indirectly on a universal suffrage is not a philosopher who claims to know the truth from the false out of any way he can, but he should be a Islamist jurist prudent that obliges himself to explore the Shiite cannon law and seek to find the truth out of sharia and should think and function in the interest of the whole people not himself or any particular fraction. As the people try to elect the best as their rulers, the aristocratic element is also present in this regime. There are lots of juristic conditions and qualifications for peoples representatives and heads of governmental departments that only part of the well educated and qualified bureaucrats can hold the official positions. For these reasons, aristocracy, in a more objective sense, means the upper layer of a stratified group. Thus, the upper ranks of the government form both legally and factually- the political aristocracy of the state. The principles of the constitution distribute the powers and make the government and its rulers constitutional and obliged to uphold the Constitution. This form is thus quite different from any given sole form of government.Additional ReferencesWeb SitesHomehttp//www.God.comhttp//www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution.htmlhttp//www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir00t___.htmlh ttp//www.religioustolerance.orghttp//www.rulers.org/http//www.secularislam.orghttp//www.usinfo.state.govhttp//www.watchtower.orghttp//www/dictionary.com/religionBooksDahl Robert A., Who Governs? commonwealth and Power in an American City, (New Haven Yale University Press, 1963)Kepel, Gilles. The Revenge of God The revitalization of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World, (University Park Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994)Levine Andrew, Liberal Democracy A Critique of Its Theory, (New York Columbia University Press, 1981)Sisk Timothy D., Islam and Democracy (Washington D.C. United States add of Peace Press, 1992)Sprinzak, Ehud. The Ascendance of Israels Radical Right, (New York Oxford University Press, 1991)Tocqueville Alexis de, Democracy in America (New York harper and Row, 1996)Weiler Gershon, Jewish Theocracy (Leiden Brill, 1988)Wright Robin, The Last Great Revolution, (New York Vintage Books, 2001)ArticlesCooper Julie E., Is There a Jewish Political Trad ition? (Book Review), Tikkun, July, 2001 http//www.findarticles.comDawson Lorne L., Anti-modernism, modernism, and postmodernism struggling with the cultural significance of new religious movements, Sociology of Religion, Summer, 1998 http//www.findarticles.comMohit Morteza, Background to the Parliamentary Elections in Iran, Monthly Review, March, 2001 http//www.findarticles.com

advantages of presidential systems

advantages of chairmanial dodgesOne of the advantages of a professorshipial system is that the precede teacher of press out is normally take through a direct mandate. In terms of democracy, this makes the presidents authority more legitimate as he is elected outright by the people as oppose to being appointed indirectly. A nonher advantage of a presidential system is the stability it brings as presidents are unremarkably elected to fixed terms while a efflorescence ministers giving medication layabout fall at anytime. An utilization of this is in Canada where in a minority administration the conducter of the opposite word, Michael Ignatieff, could bring surmount Stephen Harpers government and has threatened to do so several times. This is in course to President Obamas tenure which is secure till the alternatives of 2012. Additionally, presidential system quit for the separation of expertnesss as the legislature is a completely different construction and inst itution. This allows a system of checks and sense of balances to be created, allowing unitary to monitor the other(a). Speed and conclusiveness shadow be seen as a positive characteristic of a presidential system, as presidents usually concur stronger constitutional powers allowing them to spearhead domesticize and enact change swiftly.Conversely, one advantage of a parliamentary system is that its faster and easier to road legislation. This is because the executive branch is part of the legislative branch and is dependent upon the direct or indirect support of it as it usually comprised of members of the legislature. This can be seen in the Canadian system of government where the old minister and his cabinet is also Member of Parliament. This segues into the advantage that parliamentary systems usually have a soaringer propensity for having unified governments, as minority governments are the minority. This adds to the governments ability to pass legislation more straigh tawayly, as it is grand for a absolute majority government to have their cause legislation defeated, as parliamentary system usually have greater company discipline. Moreover, the miss of a head of states veto power also allows legislation to pass more swiftly. A nonher advantage of a parliamentary system is that power is more veritable(a)ly diverged. Constitutionally, the set minister rarely has such high importance of a president. An example of this is how parliamentary systems allow MPs to directly question the prime minister and his government. Also, lower individual importance on the prime minster position can be seen through elections tendencies as at that place is a higher focus on governmental party ideas than on the actual person. Lastly, the advantage of the government technically being able to brush aside at any time allows the government to be more accountable and viable. This allows parliament to replace a government or a prime minister if he or she has been l ackluster or detrimental to the country. This allows for practical governments to continue governing while ineffective ones can be given up of.Disadvantages to a presidential system include tendencies towards authoritarianism. Because of the overarching power given to one person, presidential systems could quickly transform into authoritarian regimes if circumstances permit. Also the centralisation of authority could lead to the president becoming a more authoritative figure in society and the media. This high priority on the president could lower and undermine civic participation as people might feel they cannot play an active role in lawmaking or place a lower significance on the legislative branches of government relative to the executive. Furthermore, separation of powers is also seen as a disadvantage of the presidential system as it might create gridlock and stalemates within the government. One example of this could be if the President continues to veto bills that the legi slature ratifies, impeding government from fugacious laws. This can be seen in 1995 when Democrat Bill Clinton was president with a Republican controlled Congress. The government could not get consensus on anything, not eventide on a budget. Lastly, impediments to leadership change can be seen as another disadvantage as it can be more intemperate to remove an unsuitable president from rancidice before her term is concluded, creating a potential situation where an idol or unhelpful president could not be removed and be replaced a better alternative.On the other hand, disadvantages to a parliamentary system include that the head of government is usually not directly elected. This is because the prime minister is typically elected by the legislature or the party in power, which normally means the party leadership. In addition, another disadvantage in the parliamentary system is that at that place is no independent body to oppose and veto legislation sanctioned by parliament, and t hus a lack of a cohesive checks and balance system. Also, because of the shortage in the separation of powers, parliamentary systems could instill too some(prenominal) power in the executive. This is because MPs usually have to adhere to parliamentary discipline, and cannot vote based on their own judgments or constituencies. Furthermore, as elections in parliamentary systems usually result in a majority government, this could lead to the tyranny of the majority resulting in the minority parties to be marginalized as they would have little to no input in government legislation. Moreover, parliamentary systems can be seen as inherently fluent, if minority governments are elected and league governments are formed as the government can be brought mountain at any time. Opponents of the parliamentary system point to Japans recent instabilities and continuous replacing of prime ministers as puff up as Weimar Germany as examples where unstable coalitions, belligerent minority parties , and constant threats of the government being voted down by opposition parties. Lastly, the parliamentary system lack of a definite election calendar can be mistreated to allow parties to gain political advantages. The governing party can schedule elections with relative freedom, and avoid elections when it is unpopular. Indeed, in a Canadian context, Prime Minister Stephen Harper defeated his own government because polls showed that he had the ability to win a majority at the time. This gives an unfair advantage to ruling parties who can stave off defeat or increase their mandate at the expense of the opposition parties.The influence of a presidential system on politics can be seen through the stronger role of the president i as well as the gridlock that can be experienced when passing legislation. This is opposed to the parliamentary system and how a prime minister usually has a smaller role in politics while parliament is typically quick in passing legislation and avoiding grid lock. First, the president usually becomes a discipline figure, which represents the government regardless of the effectiveness of legislation. As policies are harder to pinpoint compared to parliamentary systems, a president usually receives all criticism and blame on legislation passed, regardless if the party passed it or not. However in parliamentary systems, the governing party usually receives praise and criticism for legislation passed with not everything being placed upon the prime minister. This segues into the president is the head of state, and performing ceremonial occasion roles as well as being the commander in head word of the armed forces. He also plays an active role in the government by setting out a governments agenda peculiarly if her party is also in control of the legislature. This differs from parliamentary system as at that place is a more visible separation of head of state and head of government. An example of this is the queen regnant in the UK who a lmost exclusively performs ceremonial roles. The Queen by convention does not veto any legislation passed by the government, as she does not have that legitimacy given through the electorate. This differs from the prime minister who is directly involved in the lawmaking organs of parliament. The president in a presidential system is almost like the snapper part of a venn-diagram as she possesses the ceremonial part of the head of state while playing active role in the government serve like a prime minister. Another influence that a president has on parliament is his role in the checks in balance system. The get together States government is must more used to gridlock and stalemates between the levels of government and even between to the two houses as that is how the system is set up to me. This is in contrast where legislation is Canada can be passed rather rapidly especially if the party has a majority government. This presidential system influences the way representatives man age as they

Teaching The Noun Phrase In English English Language Essay

Teaching The Noun Phrase In English English Language EssayEnglish syntax presents the titular group or noun express (NP) as a basic comp acent part of the article (S). Phrase Structure rules normally represent S as consisting of a Noun Phrase and a Verb Phrase (VP).(1) S NP VPThe constituents of the cla subroutine or reprobate are then further broken hatful into their constituents. Yet the proposal of other theories to capture the constituents of S has resulted in much complex still more precise ways of explaining how the constituents of a sentence relate to each other. An extension on X-bar possibility by Santorini and Kroch in their on disceptation text earmark The syntax of natural language An online introduction utilise the Trees program actually identifies NPs as De shapeiner Phrases or DPs. Although this paper testament non delve into the layers of complexity advocated by such theorists, it does conk away from the tralatitious strategies of teaching nouns and NPs and seeks to ratify plan of attackes for introducing the teaching of NPs in the ESL/EFL context. We shall, therefore, describe the structure of the NP, mentioning the categories of return and non- depend (or muckle) nouns and finally prescribe a viable teaching option with remark to the noun vocabulary.Nouns and the structure of NPsTraditional grammar defines the noun as the cite of a person, place, animal or thing. This vague definition succumbs quite readily to criticism the moment we move away from holding it high in the canon of English grammar to 1 of closer examination. Huddleston (84) lists a few properties that help to trendify this watchword affiliateIt contains amongst its most central members those words that denote persons or concrete objectsIts members wellspring phrases noun phrases which characteristically move as subject or object in clause structure and refer to participants in the situation described in the clause, to the actor, patient, recipient, and so on.It is the class to which the categories of depend, gender and case have their primary employmentIt becomes significantly easier for us to define the noun and subsequently the NP by flavor at its function and distribution in the clause.Brinton and Brinton (193) expand the NP in a table that has been reproduced belowTable 1. Expansions of NPNP N andironsDet Nthe dogsDet A Nthe large dogsDet AP Nthe loudly barking dogsDet N PPthe dog in the yardDet A N PPthe ferocious dog behind the fenceDet AP N PPthe wildly yapping dog on the loungeProHePNGoldyIn all of the expanding upons except the final deuce the head of the NP the noun (N) is obligatory. In the final two expansions the head has been substituted by a pronoun and a Proper noun respectively. These two are still subsumed under(a) the category of noun so we can still say that the head subsists to near degree.The broadest expansion level of the NP, Det AP N PP presents categories that may be grouped in relation to th e noun head of the phrase. Therefore, we may talk about pre-head dependents and post-head dependents. Huddleston asserts that an NP will consist of a noun as head, alone or accompanied by one or more dependentspre-head and post-head dependents (85). He mentions that the pre-head dependents may be decisive factors and/or modifiers and that the post-head dependents consist of equilibrizes, modifiers and computer peripheral dependents. Where Huddleston calls these genes dependents (either pre-head or post-head), Downing and Locke, in order to alter matters, label them modifiers (403). They locate the head of the phrase as the central element around which are located the pre-modifiers and post-modifiers.Figure 1 shows a plotmatic representation of the general constituents of the NP.Figure 1. Diagrammatic Representation of an NPNoun (Head)Post-modifiersSpecifiersPre-modifiersAlthough the number of de shapeiners is quite limited (Huddleston (86) states that there are approximately three determiner slots), there seems to be less restriction on what can gather the modifier position.Determiners have the form of () determinatives the, just about, which, etc (recall that determiner is used as the name of a function, determinative of a class) () Poss Ps the dogs, your fathers() cardinal numerals one, two() plant NPs expressing quantification a dozena fewAn NP may contain up to three determiners (Huddleston 86).Downing and Locke (404) comparablewise suggest that the relatively limit list of determiners (articles, demonstratives, possessives, Wh-words, distributives and quantifiers) can be put into three broad categories primaeval determinatives the articles, the demonstratives, the possessives, the quantifiersPre-determinatives all, both, twice, double, suchPost-determinatives the ordinal numerals and the semi-determinatives (same, other, former, latter, own)As said before, Santorini and Kroch in Chapter 5 of their online book argue a case for DPs. They beli eve that nounscannot in general function as arguments on their own, but must be accompanied by a determiner. This makes sense even if there is a zero marking for the determiner. They go on to say to caution the readerthe traditional term noun phrase is a misnomer since noun phrases are maximal projections of D rather than of N. Because the term noun phrase is firmly established in usage, we continue to use it as an informal synonym for DP. However, in order to avoid confusion, we will use the term NP only to refer to the subconstituent of a noun phrase that is the complement of a determiner. We will never use it to refer to an entire noun phrase (that is, a DP)The NP can also be called the complement of a determiner as suggested by Santorini and Kroch, but in order to come about concepts simple we should stick to the distinction as prescribed by the plot above where the determiner position is synonymous with specifier.The pre-modifier position (labelled AP in Brinton and Brintons largest expansion above) can be filled with a number of classes adjectives (and adverbs), nouns, participial forms of verbs and possessives. delinquent to the recursive property of this position, there is a complex enjoin order of these classes. This can be seen quite clearly if we unaccompanied look at the ordering of adjectives (Parrot 54)Table 2. Order of adjectives in the NP1 sizing2 Shape3 Colour4 Origin5 Material6 UseNounalargewhite ambushasleevelessbluewoollenpulloverSmallSpanishservingdishesThe order also places the opinion of the speaker (subjective aspect) before a description (objective aspect) of the object.The post-modifiers, on the other hand, can exist as complements, modifiers and peripheral dependents (Huddleston 93). X-bar theory accounts for these elements by the use of the terms adjunct and complement. In the diagram below, these post-head elements are shown to the right of the X circles.XPXXSpecifierAdjunct musical accompanimentXXHead Figure 2. Template for an XP in X-bar theoryWhereas adjuncts are seen as optional modifiers, complements are shown to be obligatory. The diagram shows their differing positions indoors the hierarchy of the phrase (XP), where the complement appears closer to the head. Although this information may be helpful for the instructor, it would be better to stay away from X-bar theory when trying to explain phrase formation to the student unless the student has already had fundamental interaction with it.One cannot mention the noun, and even the noun phrase, without mentioning an aspect of nouns that is relatively unique to them their countability. Allan mentions that the pattern of countability varies and has to do with the perception of the speaker and listenerthat which is countable is denumerable. Although countability is a lingual category, it typically has perceptual correlations the reference of what is linguistically countable is ordinarily perceived in terms of one or more discrete entities. What i s uncountable is typicallyperceived as an undifferentiated unity. (565)The countability of the noun is linked to its ability to be inflect for plurality and is also linked to the use of certain determiners. Uncountable or mass nouns in English are not normally pluralised unless the speaker is using some type of jargon peculiar to a field. However, the notion of countability also carries across into the NP. If the noun, as head of the phrase, is countable, it also mean values that the NP would be countable as well.Teaching the NP to ESL/EFL studentsThe NP should not be introduced explicitly to low-level proficiency ESL/EFL students. Although the students may have some unconscious knowledge of the NP in their own languages, it is a more seize approach to teach Upper-Intermediate and Advanced level students about the workings of the NP to improve their stylistic capabilities and also to improve their communicative options. The teaching of the NP, like everything else, must be contextu alised and not necessarily bogged down by solely teaching the students grammar.It is quite important to link the teaching of the NP to forward knowledge gained by the students so that its syntactic structure can be used as a refresher for students with respect to things like count and non-count nouns, adverbials and determiners.Students can be taught inductively by teachers where sentences are put on the panel and students can also be asked to identify the syntactic categories that make up the phrase and also the apparent rules for the ordering of categories. Nevertheless, an indispensible teaching tool in this area would be to let the students be these categories. What do I mean by be? Well, if we look singly at the AP constituent of the NP and wish to help students to grasp the order of the adjectives (as listed in the table above), the teacher can put an AP on the board containing quite a number of these adjectives. Then random students can be asked to come to the front of the class and the teacher can assign the students a word. The students can write this word on a page and stick it to their chests or hold them up. Subsequently, the teacher can ask the students to move around in a line to represent the phrase, swapping positions with each other and encouraging the class to read the phrase according to the new orders. The teacher will have to have some knowledge of APs and be able to explain why random ordering of lexical items is unacceptable in APs.This exercise can also be done with NPs to some extent. The teacher can use it to show the recursivity of the modifier positions especially (vis--vis embedded clauses and other modifiers) and to solidify the ordering of the constituents. This kinaesthetic approach can also be complemented by a musical one where a song can be used to show the importee as well as the functional use of NPs. Gardners Multiple Intelligences is a good tool to take advantage of when teaching these primarily grammar-oriented topics, but calls on a lot from the teacher in the realm of creativity and preparation.

The Hogan Personality Inventory Commerce Essay

The Hogan genius Inventory Commerce Es tellThe Hogan personality Inventory is a reputation tryoutify which is a tone of normal somebodyality and is utilize to predict short-circuit letter performance (http//www.hogan quantifyments.com/hogan-personality-inventory). This tool has umpteen drug ab hires and is used by both organisations and individuals. The HPI was specifically designed to aid business and mercenary use and give notice be used throughout the recruitment process and to mark argonas of a person which could be developed.The HPI was the first personality inventory to be based on the quintuplet- compute Models openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. These factors ar generally accepted by psychologists as the distinct personality factors (http//www.advanced spatestrategies.co.uk/Hogan- spirit-Inventory-HPI.asp), although other stickers nonplus been identified. These five personality traits were defined by Costa and McCrae i n 1992 and they be used for intellect the relationship between personality and the behaviours of people.The HPI uses the seven primary scales to help assess personality. The HPI analyses these scales which be bankd to influence managerial performance. The seven primary scales beAdjustment. This is inevitable for managers to be able to react well under twitch, remain unruffled in tense situations and not take problems or criticism to heart.Ambition. Managers in addition bespeak to display this as this shows how decisive a person is and how they would bang with taking the lead. Managers with high ambition builds know how to communicate in effect as well as encouraging squad work and ahead(p) teams well.Soci talent. This reflects a managers great power to communicate with their faculty, how warm, outgoing and talkative they be.Likeability. A managers ability to charm and use their communication and interpersonal skills to talk to clients and their staff. This will me liorate a managers skill at building teams and maintaining trust between colleagues.Prudence. Managers need to display this attri simplye to be dependable, conscientious and hard working. This means the attraction will be loyal to their company and will treat their team members moderately.Inquisitive. This is necessary for managers to be practical and imaginative while thinking strategically about the businesses plans and goals in the long term.Learning Approach. This implys a managers desire to listen and their aptitude in their training and their school work. It base be shown that develop Success is steadily and moderately correlated with measures of cognitive ability (http//www.drbobhurley.com/pdf/HPIManual.pdf).The HPI originates from a man called Robert Hogan and is sold by his company Hogan Assessments. Robert Hogan is a well cognize expert and international authority in psychology. According to his own website he is widely credited with demonstrating how personality fa ctors influence organisational effectiveness in a variety of atomic number 18as (http//www.hoganassessments.com/executive-team). He has a Ph.D from the University of California and is a fellow of galore(postnominal) different universities. Robert Hogan has quoted that between 50-75% of managers are atrocious managers and this is due to the fact that they can interview well based on technical knowledge but they piddle bad lead skills. Therefore he believes his personality discharge can help to differentiate the good leaders from the good interviewees. strain 1 shows an subject output report generated by the HPI. According to the Hogan Personality Inventory Brochure the reports give the following in pution how a expectation may react in various circumstances, the characteristics of participants and summarises the recommendation for job check out and potential hiring (http//www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). The graph in figure 1 sh ows how the person taking the demonstrate scores on each of the seven scales and shows whether the score is in the high, low or average percentile.Figure 1 An congressman HPI output reporthttp//www.linkageinc.com/pdfs/Assessments/LFR_Potential.pdf%20HPI.pdfThe report goes on to beg off each of the scales in much than detail, giving examples of characteristics of leaders with similar scores. For example in this assay report the person has a score of 72 for adjustment which is in the high percentile content this person can handle pressure well, not take criticism personally, expect to succed, be hard to heap and may overlook their mistakes.The report gives some of the implications of this type of lead and for this example it is compared to other leaders, your scores suggest that you usually maintain a arrogant attitude, stay in a good mood, remain patient with staff errors and mistakes, and persist in the face of challenges, frust symmetryn, and reversals. On the other hand, you may not realize when others are stressed, and may be reluctant to listen to oppose feedback. (http//www.linkageinc.com/pdfs/Assessments/LFR_Potential.pdf%20HPI.pdf). There are 4 report formats which can be generated from the HPI. These are a data report does not interpret the data in any way, career builder which gives the applicants strengths and weaknesses as well as advantage tips, attention builder which gives suggestions on how the individual may be managed and the leadership forecast challenge report which analyses how an individuals scores are likely to sham their work and their leadership style (http//www.pan runing.com/products/Hogan/HPI.asp).The HPI test consists of 206 true and false questions and unitary of the main features which the HPI boasts is that its questions are non-intrusive or invasive (http//www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessments/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). The HPI was created along the lines of the socio-analytic theory. The test there fore assumes that fixting along with and getting ahead of others become the ascendant themes in social life (http//www.psychpress.com.au/psychometric/talent-psychometric-testing.asp?hogan-HPI)Uses of the Hogan Personality Inventory force Selection Finding the right person for the jobOrganisations are descent to recognise the importance of finding a person who fits with their values, ideals and ways of working. Organisations are able to identify what skills a person has by looking at their qualifications and past experience but personality tests such(prenominal) as the HPI are able to help identify whether an applicant has the right personality to equip their organisation.Individual AssessmentIndividuals may use the HPI to help decide whether they are accommodate to a specific occupation or to decide whether they should hold further education (http//www.workreview.co.uk/whatis/whatisthehpi.asp). It can similarly be used to assess personal strengths and weaknesses determine th e best method to develop careers by focalisation on which skills need to be developed.Management DevelopmentManagement could use the HPI to assess where their staffs skills could be developed to create a better and much(prenominal) productive work force. It can also be used to practice people in teams, perhaps with one person more suited to leadership and the others with complimentary skill sets.Strengths of Using Personality TestsPersonality tests are becoming more popular for selecting good employees. Rodney Warrenfeltz of Hogan Assessment Centres said hiring practices are commonly neglected as a headstone aspect of overlord facility maintenance. Many now believe that the selection of the right employees is of key importance and the personality test industry is now worth $four hundred million-a-year as employers have begun to realise the value of good employees and costs of bad employees, one company estimated the cost of one bad employee as cosmos an astounding $2.5M (http //www.csi-executivesearch.com/executive-search/cost-of-a-bad-hire.html). Personality tests can also withstand legal challenges meaning organisations can use this method to reject people without the risk of macrocosm sued for discrimination.Weaknesses of Using Personality TestsThe validity and reliability of personality tests is often called into discredit and some job impinge onkers complain that having their whole personality judged on a couple of questions, does not show potential employers the scope of their whole personality. Personality tests are really costly to run and if the validity is dubious and so organisations need to consider whether the results are worth the expense.A flaw modify the validity of personality test results is that respondents may alter their answers to reflect what they believe the company is looking for. For example if a company an employee is applying for a job at has a reputation for having an autocratic leadership style then the applicant may alter their answers to a personality test to say they follow instructions well even if they dont. This would make the results of the test unfaithful and may end in the wrong employee being accepted. Detection of such inaccuracies is difficult as there is no way for an applicant to explain the reasoning behind their answers meaning that the organisation will not get the full count on of an employee.Strengths of the HPIThe Hogan Personality Inventory is a popular test used by recruiters and in 1980, the HPI was the first instrument designed to measure personality and predict resulting behaviours in the workplace. A strength of the HPI is that it predicts the reputation and the opinions others have of a persons leadership style, not what the applicant thinks of their own management style.The HPI is truly practical and according to the Hogan Assessment website the tests have a relatively short 15-20 minute completion time (http//www.hoganassessments.com/sites/default/files/assessment s/pdf/HPI_Brochure.pdf). Other practical advantages include its online platform making it cost and time effective. The multiple choice format enables automated marking, making human interaction minimal. The test is available in a number of languages so the aforesaid(prenominal) test can be completed world-wide. This helps multi-national companies as applicants can be tested using the same platform increasing the validity of results as applicants can complete the test in their native tongue.The HPI is based on the Five-Factor Model. According to Costa and McCraes system when an individual is scored on these factors they will produce a complete picture of that persons personality (http//www.healthguidance.org/ launch/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html). Extensive research has been carried out on these factors and statistical evidence demonstrates that the Five Factor Model is high in validity and useful as a predictive tool (http//www.healthguidance.org/entry/ 13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html). The HPI has been based on over 500000 working adults, this is a moderatelyly large base for the inventory to be normed on making the results more valid as these people have been tested from over cc of the main industries. The validity of the tests is further proved with retest reliabilities ranging from .74 to .86. HPI archives have been kept since 1970 and it continues to be ones of the most widely accepted and used inventories for research on personality (http//www.psychpress.com.au/psychometric/talent-psychometric-testing.asp?hogan-HPI).Weaknesses of the HPIThe Hogan Personality Inventory is based on a series of true and false questions which doesnt allow people any requital for expressing other opinions. In other words the answers that the people give when they are taking the test are very constricted. This means that the potential employees are unable to express their true feelings or explain their answers.As the Ho gan Personality Inventory is validated on over 200 industries it could be argued that this is a key weakness of these personality tests. These assessments were designed to be general, apply to a wide range of situations (most were not specifically created for workplace application), and are not amenable to customisation. This approach means that the tests are to general to create a valid overview of a persons leadership capability for a specific role. such(prenominal) measures employ a one size fits all approach, which (similar to clothing) does not leave a very good fit in most cases (http//www.evancarmichael.com/ gross sales/3147/Trouble-with-Personality-Tests.html)Another weakness of the Hogan Personality Inventory is that it is based on the Five Factor Model which has been reviewed as not explaining the whole of the human personality. many argue that models such as the Cattells 16 Personality Factors (1946)are more reflective of the humans personality as they take into account more aspects of a persons personality. These extra traits could involve religion, political views and other environmental factors. It could be argued that the Five Factor Model only provides a snapshot of a persons personality not a full picture (http//www.healthguidance.org/entry/13139/1/What-Is-the-Five-Factor-Model-of-Personality.html).Findings and ConclusionsWhen researching the Hogan Personality Inventory it is very important to remember that it is a commercial entity and a lot of articles which I have read have been very biased and aimed at making the reader buy the product. Following on from this, there is very little literature outlining the weaknesses of the HPI, although there is a fair amount about the disadvantages of personality tests based on the Five Factor Model.Table 1 shows the British Psychological ordinations review into the major psychometric tests, comparing them on their main ratings and their cost information. From this table the HPI scores highest against the other tests with a score of 19 while the only other test to come close to this is the Personality Inventory which scored 17 stars.Tech boilersuit quality of technical information, Valid Validity, Rely Reliability, Norms Normative Information,Cover overall clarity and coverage of content.Table 1 The British Psychological Society (BPS) Review of Personality Instruments 2nd EditionPersonality tests can have huge benefits for both organisations and the individuals. It can help management with employee selection and employee increase and they can help individuals to identify areas of themselves which need improving. The practical nature of these tests can help to weed out unsuitable candidates quickly and easily and it is also a form of selection which can stand up in court. The HPI itself is a well known and trusted brand of test, due to the model which it is based on and the amount of working adults it is normed on.On the other hand, many individuals disagree with the use of personality tests in the selection process. The lack of ability to express reasoning behind answers means that many applicants feel constrain when answering the tests and many people are prone to faking their answers although Robert Hogan believes he has single-minded this problem with the HPI as he states that the data are quite clear-even when actuate to fake, peoples scores on the HPI dont change. (http//www.hoganassessments.com/blog/robert-hogan-phd/how-faking-impacts-personality-assessment-results). Instead he claims that instead of faking, people are engaging in a form of impression management and these results are more valid given the fact that they are gauging a persons reputation as a manager not their opinions of their own leadership styles.After evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of people using personality tests I can see organisations continuing to use them for the foreseeable future, peculiarly as unemployment continues to rise and the ratio of people applyin g to the number of roles increases. It is a quick way to reject potentially unsuitable people and reduce an applications list easily. I would also fold that the Hogan Personality Inventory is a valid test to use especially when used in conjunction with the other Hogan Assessments.

Analysis of Fences by August Wilson :: essays research papers

The theme of August Wilsons play Fences is the coming of age in the life of a broken black man. Wilson wrote nigh the black experience in different decades and the struggle that m whatever blacks faced, and that is seen in Fences because there are two different generations portrayed in troy weight and Cory. Troy plays the part of the protagonist who has been disillusioned throughout his life by everyone he has been close to. He was forced to leave home at an early age because his father beat him so dramatically. Troy neer learned how to treat people close to him and he never gave any one a chance to prove themselves because he was selfish. This makes Troy the obstructor in the composition because he is not only hitting up against everyone in the play, but he is also hitting up against himself and at last making his life more complicated. The discrimination that Troy faced eyepatch playing baseball and the torment he endures as a tyke shape him into one of the most dynamic ch aracters in literary history.The important conflict is the family between Troy and Cory. The two of them have distant views about Corys future and, as the play goes on, this rocky kind crumbles because Troy will not let Cory play collegiate football. The relationship becomes even more destructive when Troy admits to his relationship with Alberta and he admits Gabriel to a mental institution by accident. The complication begins in Troys youth, when his father beat him unconscious. At that moment, Troy leaves home and begins a riotous life on his own, and gaining a self-destructive outlook on life. Fences has umteen instances that can be considered the climax, but the one point in the story where the highest point of tension occurs, insight is gained and a situation is resolved is when uprise tells Troy that Alberta died having his baby, Raynell.

Essay on Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider): The Gentle Meursault :: Camus Stranger Essays

The Gentle Meursault of Camuss The Stranger (The Outsider) In Albert Camuss The Stranger, Meursault, the protagonist, could be seen as immoral if he were judged on the basis of his actions alone. However, by Camuss use of a introductory person narrative, we begin to realize Meursault as non an immoral man, but simply an indifferent one. Meursault is a symbol of the universe, and so in understanding him we understand that the universe is as well as not ugliness, but instead a place of gentle indifference.At first glance, Meursault could be seen as an evil man. He shows no ruefulness at his mothers funeral, worrying more about the heat. His first reaction to his mothers death is not sadness, it is a matter-of-fact, quiet acceptance of the situation. Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know. subsequently on in the story, Meursault kills an Arab on the beach, and his only concern is that he has washed-up the calm, pleasant day he was having. When he is in jail, the mag istrate comes in an effort to save Meursaults soul, but instead of cooperating, Meursault simply confounds the magistrate by refusing to call up in God. Even at his trial, Meursault doesnt show any remorse for having killed the Arab. Based on this evidence alone, how can we not see Meursault as evil?In the novel, we are given a more discharge view of Meursault. The story is told from his point-of-view, which allows us to understand the situation as Meursault perceives it. sounding at the situation in this light, we can see Meursault as not evil, but simply indifferent and detached from life. He doesnt approach to get wrapped up in emotion or relationships, he just takes things as they come, doing whatever is easiest for him. He becomes friends with Raymond and agrees to marry Marie simply be condition he doesnt have a very good reason not to. Seeing the story from Meursaults viewpoint, we understand that even killing the Arab wasnt an act of malice or evil intent. As Meursault puts it, My nature is much(prenominal) that my physical needs often get in the way of my feelings. With this in context, things begin to make more sense. Meursaults seemingly cryptic parameter that he murdered the Arab because of the sun can be taken as truth. Meursault does things that society judges as wrong not because he is evil or wants to appear immoral, but because the sun and heat, symbols for Meursaults emotional state, cause him to become uncomfortable and act inappropriately.