The Religious Democracy And Its Theocracy Politics Essay

The Religious res publica And Its Theocracy Politics EssayThe prohibitedbreaks of the belated 20th century were especi both(prenominal)y nonable in light of the westerly assumption that less veritable countries would natur al one and only(a)y secularize their g wholly overnmental relation and out-of-the-way(prenominal)ming as they moderneized their society and economy. Instead, rapidly developing Iran succumbed in 11 February 1979 to a religious revolution direct by Imam Khomeini. presently after, an interim g all toldwherenment in Tehran gave way to a political material body of organisation in early 1980 that made so numerous changes in its policies, the most crucial one was to practice the idea of Muslim bulk rule in which the governance was to wed with theology of Shiite Islam indissolubly.However, in that location outlast opposite and nevertheless contending conceptions as to what give actu completelyy it is. Some deal that the form of Muslim Republi c is bonnie a theocracy1and just about separates has accepted the governanceal theocratic character of the regime.2Some argue that theocracy as the state of God on earth has not fully realized in so far and frankincense prior to this full realization, theocracy rouse coexist with both casual system of humans presidency. This coexisted or combined form of government is an ecclesiocracy that explore to give the human religious pecking order absolute control over the political power of a state.3Whereas to another one, theocracy shtup occur in any society where a powerful religious assort or combining of religious groups has/ pee the decisive function in a ruling political or judicial system.4On the contrary, just about look at that the Moslem Republic is just one kind among so some(prenominal) democracies5or one of the most republican states.6Even the US officials who use to oppose the current Islamic Regime in the past 23 long time, now insist that in that resp ect be some democratic characteristics put together in there.7 on that point be also others who observe it as a totalitarian totalism, an absolutist autocracy, oligarchy or even all clerical oligarchy and natter Islamic Republic a clerical regime.8What I am breathing out to argue here is that on the path of human development towards matinee idol and human felicity throughout human society, the Islamic Republic in Iran has brought a kind of mixed or combined form of government that includes the best characteristics of several(a) forms prescribed by the Islamic principles and norms and the current practices that whitethorn ensure the active and broad participation of all segments of society in the serve up of neighborly development, as explicitly mentioned in its throw awayupal Law.Forms of Governments nearly of the key words comm provided used to describe forms of governments, such as monarchy, oligarchy, and nation, are of Greek or Roman origin. The central question of politics in all these was always the same the distri neverthelession of power among the citizens so that freedom and contentment is best preserved and defined. Plato believed that the object of politics was virtue, and that only a fewer would ever thoroughly understand the science, which believed to contemplate all truth and all existence by which virtue could be reach and only these trained few, then, should rule. To his view the best was the form in which great powers are philosophers or philosophers are kings which could be either monarchy or aristocracy simply the fundamental natural laws of the republic depart be maintained. To this perfect rarefied of just and good succeeds different forms of oligarchy, democracy, tyranny after which Plato added some other middling forms of government plainly all these are nondescripts and whitethorn be effect equally among Hellenes and among barbarians.9But his pupil, Aristotle, gave another disciplineification of the forms of government. To him the government which is the supreme ascendence in states could be in the hands of one, or of a few, or of the many and based on the purpose of a state, it may try either the world-wide fire or the private interest. Accordingly there would be three (not one) true up forms of kingship or royalty, aristocracy or a constitution and three perversions that are tyranny oligarchy, or democracy.10In analyzing various forms of governments of the time, Aristotle, however, came to this impulse that the whole system of government tends to be neither democracy nor oligarchy, alone something in a mean between them.11This combination form of government could be copn in the new monarchy of Macedon arose and mounted in the battle against Sparta and capital of Greece (338 BC) and also in Rome that emerged as the vigorousest state in the Mediterranean after the victory of Hannibal at Zama (202 BC). The Greek historian Polybius, who chronicled Romes rise, suggested that its constitution was such a success be dumbfound it was a judicious blend of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. The Romans, a conservative, practical hoi polloi, showed what they thought of such abstractions by speaking only of an crude public thingres publicaand thus gave a new word to politics.From then forwards various combined or blend forms governments were bound up every where in the being. Justinian, the greatest of the eastern Roman emperors, in the 6th century, Charlemagne, king of the Franks, in 800, and later centuries the dynasties of Hohenstaufen and Habsburg so, as late as the 19th century, did forty winks Bonaparte assay to restore the empire though none were succeeded. In the 7th century the Arab Muslims defeated the first of the 2 great powers of the time and conquered rather many parts of the second in North Africa and Spain. Beside to the strong monarchies that gradually developed almost everywhere in the world, various institutions and social classes were to fill the gap too. The church and the mosque, against enormous odds, had kept the light of pietism and learning alive and spread what was left of Roman and Islamic shade into modern city-states. Military aristocracy called nobiles in the Roman fashion and appropriated various late imperial titles such as comes (count), dux (duke) and khans have also good powers. This dynamism in European society and elsewhere in the world opposeed it from setting unchangingly into this or any other form and invention even in the most characteristic governmental form of the modern world, the nation-state.The application of the principle of parliamentary representation together with the concepts of divine, natural, and customary law as a restraint on the exercise of power similarly some other fundamental occurrences of the Enlightenment and the Renaissance, the Reformation, the discovery of America and the American and French revolutions caused a new form of government known as modern d emocracy which is quite different from that of old Greek. The modern democracy repudiated the divine right of kings, the ascendancy of the nobility and the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church. equivalence before the law was to replace the system of privileges that characterized the old regimes and judicial procedures were insisted upon to check abuses by the king or his nerve. By destroying the monarchy, a republic was set up and its centuries-old labours were crowned. Now in the name of rationality, liberty, and equality (fraternity is not a foremost concern anymore), the nation makes the quest its own. Free option of government bodies under (eventual) universal suffrage, competition for office through organized and permanent parties, freedom of speech and the press, and the rule of law together with greater ascertain for the working classes, women and opposeders are common in all three staple senses of a form of government either as direct, representative or constitution al (liberal) democracy.Theocracy, too, derived from 2 Greek words meaning rule by the deity, was the name given to political regimes that contain to represent the Divine on earth both directly and immediately. Most governments throughout history and crosswise cultures have claimed to be following their gods designs or to be legitimated by a divine mandate. The kings in a number of ancient civilizations had been worshipped as gods on earth so, by definition, the king could not be treat and in a number of others the Gods prophets or theologically trained elites were the rulers on behalf of Him and rule by divine right.As the holly books, archaeologists, and historians show, the ancient Hebrews, Tibetans, and Egyptians lived in theocracies for some of their history. Theocracies are also found indoors the three great heavenly faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as well as Hinduism and Buddhism. Some examples are Jesus heart of the dawning of the Kingdom of God, and not anyo ne else12or the fulfilment on universe of Gods will as the central theme of Jesus teaching, and his expressly rejection of any collaboration with the Roman emperor,13the community established by the prophet Muhammad in Medina in 622, and ruled by him until his passing away in 632,14the pompous States under various popes whose purpose was to manage worldwide Catholicism, fundamentalism as seen within modern Judaism of Gush Emunim and the Haredim15, within Christianity of Jehovahs Witnesses, within Protestant Christians of Evangelicals and some political action groups,16within Hindu nationalists in India, Sikh radicals in Punjab, and Buddhistic militants in Sri Lanka, within Sunni Muslims in the political activities of Muslim Brotherhood. The more measurable one within Shiite Islam is the Islamic Republic of Iran, during which a Shiite teaching retrieved and developed into a politically useful doctrine the Rule of the Jurist.Religious countryThe form of government in revolutionar y Iran is neither a doctor theocracy in which people have no say in their political destiny nor a bushel democracy in which peoples vote can change every thing from the bottom to the top of the political pecking order whenever they wish. Rather, as the official name of the Islamic Republic illustrates, it is a combination of all forms of government previously known especially both these two special forms theocracy and democracy and in some parts quite different from both sole of them, if one can set about or even imagine.The characteristic of this combined form of government and the major building layover of the Islamic regime in Iran, as explicitly stated in several articles of the Constitution and the spirit surrounding it, is based on two pillars. One pillar is that of inspired by Imam Khomeinis notion of the rank(a) Rule of the Jurist (Velayat-e Motlaqeh-e Faqih) by which the leading cleric has no terminus ad quem over society and politics and he is the one last sic th at can make the decisions to the benefit of all citizens. He is pick out by the whole people in an uprising like what happened in February 1979 that led to the leadership of Imam Khomeini or by the Assembly of Experts (the representatives of people in the main clerics) through a popular suffrage of both sexes of 15 years and more like what happened in the nomination of Ayatollah Khamenei in June 1989. The ruling justice is just one nominee among so many other theologians and check to Shiite tradition, and is identified as the successor of the 12th Imam. The latter kind of election is similar to the election of the US electric chair by the Electoral College. stand at the top of the political hierarchy as the Supreme draw and equal with others against the law, the ruling jurist supervises the three branches of the government. The regular armed forces, the Islamic Guards Corps, the police, and the radio and television network are under his command and he determines the direction of orthogonal policy and any other whole compassing or general policy. He appoints the Supreme Judges, has the power to dismiss the elected President, and selects the sixer jurists of the twelve-member Council of Guardians.The second pillar is the democratic institutions that have been well incorporated in the Constitution. Under section The Form of Government in Islam, the preamble of the Constitution reads that the government does not derive from the interests of a class, nor does it serve the domination of an separate or a group. It expressly asserts that Government represents the fulfillment of the political ideal of a people who bear a common faith and common outlook, fetching an organized form in order to initiate the process of intellectual and ideological evolution towards the final goal, i.e., movement towards Allah God. The Constitution guarantees the rejection of all forms of intellectual and social tyranny and economical monopoly, and aims at entrusting the destin ies of the people to the people themselves in order to break completely with the system of oppression. (This is in amity with the Quranic verse He removes from them their burdens of the fetters that were upon them.17The Constitution devotes Chapter 5 including six articles to the Right of theme Sovereignty and the Powers Deriving there from and explains the fact that the Iranian people have a lot say in the management of their country and how every one of them is the master of his own social destiny. The National Sovereignty is considered a divine right dedicated from Absolute sovereignty of God over the world and man and should never been deprived or subordinated to the vested interests of a particular undivided or group. (Article 56) Separation of Powers into three independent ones of legislature, judiciary, and executive public presentation under the supervision of the absolute religious Leader and the Leadership of the Ummah, in accordance with the forthcoming articles of thi s Constitution has been accepted in Article 57. lineal recourse to popular vote through a referendum, as a function of the legislature, is also anticipated by Article 59 for cases of highly important economic, political, social, and cultural matters.The Islamic Consultative Assembly, as national assembly, is established by the representatives of the people elected directly and by secret vote (Article 62) and has the power to establish laws on all matters (Article 71) and has the right to investigate and understand all the affairs of the country (Article 76) including a vote of confidence or a vote of no confidence to the Council of Ministers (Articles 87-88) and can interpellate the Council of Ministers or an individual Minister or even the President. (Article 89) In this way not only the national executive power, but all local governments of provinces, cities, divisions, villages and other officials appointed by the government must abide by all decisions taken by the councils (A rticle 103) elected by the people of the locality in question. (Article 100)Democratic concepts such as equality before the law, rights of life, liberty and the prosecution of happiness, freedom of belief, conscience, association, assembly and the press, secrecy of communication, recourse to the courts, respect for minority and womens rights, economic development, and social justice are all explicitly expressed in Chapter 3 (Articles 19-43) of the Constitution and several guarantees have been given to succeed. The judiciary as an independent power and the protector of the rights of the individual and society is one of these important guarantees. Concerning status and duties of the Judiciary, Article 156 reads suchThe judiciary is responsible for the implementation of justice, and entrusted with canvas and passing judgement on grievances, violations of rights, and complaints the resolution of litigation the settling of disputes and the taking of all necessary decisions and measur es in probate matters as the law may determine restoring public rights and promoting justice and legitimate freedoms supervising the proper enforcement of laws uncovering crimes prosecuting, punishing, and chastising criminals and enacting the penalties and provisions of the Islamic penal code and taking suitable measures to prevent the occurrence of crime and to reform criminals.The concept of Velayat-e Amr va Imamat-e Mostamir (rule by the leader and the permanent leadership), accord to the preamble of the Constitution is another such guarantees of those democratic rights in which an all qualified and trustworthy jurist, recognized as leader by the people, is to prevent any deviation by the various organs of State from their essential Islamic duties. Article 107 too asserts that the Jurist is an elected one either by recognition and acceptance as marji and Leader by a decisive majority of the people as happened for Imam Khomeini, the pass of the Islamic Republic of Iran, or by the Assembly of Experts which is also elected by the people. The Experts are to review and consult among themselves concerning all the fuqaha (jurists) possessing the qualifications specified in Articles 5 and 109 namely scholarship in different fields offiqh, jurist and piety right political and social perspicacity, prudence, courage, administrative facilities and adequate capacity for leadership. (Article 109) The Article adds that in case of multiplicity of persons fulfilling the above qualifications and conditions, the person possessing the mend jurisprudential and political perspicacity will be given preference.It is true that the Supreme Religious Leader is at the top of the government hierarchy and can make final decisions of general policies but it is only if in accordance with the articles of this Constitution (Article 57) and after consultation with the Nations Exigency Council that consists of the heads of the three branches and some other relative cabinet and Parlia ment members, all Council of Guardians members, and a few more experts (Article 112) to which some heads of different parties and political fractions are added in action. When the rewrite of the Constitution comes, as Article 177 expresses, some contents are immutable among them the Islamic character of the political system the basis of all the rules and regulations according to Islamic criteria and the religious footing the democratic character of the government the Velayat-e Amr the Imamate of Ummah and the administration of the affairs of the country based on national referenda.In so doing, the government in Iran is quite different from dictatorship or tyranny in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The religious democracy is thus a form of government which links religion and peoples beliefs to their will and wishes. There seems no conflict in its dual genuineness of the Islamic Republic or any juxtaposition between popular sovereignty of the president or parliament and supervision of the ruling jurist. The letter of the constitution asserts on the equality of the two pillars in order to get the goal which is virtue, happiness and as a whole the movement toward God Almighty.In speculation too, as Poul wind vaneer has noted, there is no reason why a theocracy and a democratic form of government are incompatiblevox populi, vox dei (the voice of the people is the voice of God),18a combination that seems possible and rational for gibe Schmid to conclude that because Islam is compatible with both secularism and democracy, a religious democracy is in Irans future.19According to Soroushs theory of Contraction and Expansion of Religious Interpretation too, secularism and democracy not only do not threaten religion but also they merely help to increase the understanding of religion and all are complementary, for the religious understanding is merely a variety of human understanding.20Soroush continues in an interview thatThere is no single God-given shape for Islamic government The system of Velayat-e Faqih, introduced by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the 1979 Islamic Revolution, is an anachronism though religion itself is sacred, its interpretation is not sacred and therefore it is criticizable, modifiable, refinable, and redefinable.21One may ask why a sole theocracy or a sole democracy is not favourable or even desirable among the majority of Iranian Muslims and why we hire such a combination. The answer is that theocracy as an absolute sovereignty of God to the will of man and the state is far from our hands because we are sometimes unable to understand the true Gods will and commandment. much(prenominal) understanding and knowledge requires long preparation, several degrees of training, and education lot are not able to comprehend Gods will through the explanations contained in the Quran and the Sunna. Acquiring such comprehension requires several years o f studies and overmuch effort.22And in some other times we are unwilling to abdicate to His will and law, and to implement His orders in our daily life for virtue need much much effort, deprivation, and abnegation.23Furthermore when they do gain power, theocracies tend to be short lived for a number of reasons, some internal to the regime and others out-of-door to it. Internally, clerics trained in religious doctrine and jurisprudence, are rarely dexterous in political, economic and other social matters and have impediment maintaining a complex modern society. When corruption occurs among government officials, ensuing scandals undermine religion as well as politics if those officials are also clerics. cheekiness grows among the nonclerical populace when religious laws seem arbitrary or excessively unforgiving and are enforced through civil power. Religious taxes, imposed on top of other taxes, especially in times of economic hardship, cause added resentment. Finally, clerics who presume to speak in the name of the Divinity have difficulty engaging in normal compromises so essential for political effectiveness. such compromises may even seem to them to be immoral or sinful. Finally, in states controlled by one or no party, which theocracies tend to be, police are very much tempted to resort to brutality and other harsh measures that undermine the legitimacy of the regime.Externally, rulers in other nations often fear the exportation of religious dogma backed by political power and move to isolate a theocratic regime. And because secular cultures from outside can exert a constant seductive influence on young people through music, arts, clothes, and movies, and immerse them with political ideas of freedom, democracy, and equality, a theocratic regime is inclined to limit suffer with the outside world. Such actions increase isolation of the country but often lead to a fascination with the outside and an underground opposition to the regime. Such condi tions are not conducive to longevity, and theocracies rarely outlive their founding generation.The sole democracy is not the best form of government either. That is why you see different types of democratic governments in the world. Even Great Britain and the United States, nations with comparatively similar cultures, politics, and economies, have developed significantly different forms of democracy. Besides, many governments at once (around 140 out of 191 states) in the most parts of the world claim to be democratic in the ascendant. Numerous authoritarian and totalitarian states, notably the communist nations of the 20th century, had also adopted outwardly democratic governments that hitherto were dominated by a single authorized party with no opposition. States with Marxist ideologies asserted that political consensus and collective ownership of the instrument of takings (i.e., economic democracy) were sufficient to ensure that the will of the people would be carried out. More over, there are some chemical elements still threatening the existence of this democracy class conflicts muted rather than resolved, nationalism still distorted voters judgments in matters of foreign policy, demagogues abounded as much as they ever did in ancient Athens, and many politicians were corrupt. Furthermore democracy places high value on the freedom of the individual and generally stresses the self-directed, self-contained, and comparatively unrestrained individual or ego. This characteristic as Alexis de Tocqueville described is a kind of moderate selfishness, disposing human beings to be relate only with their own small circle of family and friends.ConclusionIt is right that in some cases (such as Egyptian nationalism, Taliban imposition of sharia in Afghanistan and ibn Talal Hussein Husseins holy war in 1991 and 2003) we may find some unclear forms of government which claimed to establish a true theocratic or democratic form of government but failed to do so, or some tried to use religious rhetoric, symbolism, and values for nationalistic purposes, or religious ideals may be used to win popular support for liberation from foreign domination, from an autocratic ruling elite or to encourage economic renewal, but one can surely find some historical and coetaneous examples to support a true combination of different forms of government as the Islamic Republic in Iran was a combination of such ideals and facts.This form of Iranian government is neither a sole theocracy or ecclesiocracy nor an oligarchy either clerical or financial or military, nor a sole democracy of its any kinds but a political order between them all the head of the state elected indirectly on a universal suffrage is not a philosopher who claims to know the truth from the false out of any way he can, but he should be a Islamist jurist prudent that obliges himself to explore the Shiite cannon law and seek to find the truth out of sharia and should think and function in the interest of the whole people not himself or any particular fraction. As the people try to elect the best as their rulers, the aristocratic element is also present in this regime. There are lots of juristic conditions and qualifications for peoples representatives and heads of governmental departments that only part of the well educated and qualified bureaucrats can hold the official positions. For these reasons, aristocracy, in a more objective sense, means the upper layer of a stratified group. Thus, the upper ranks of the government form both legally and factually- the political aristocracy of the state. The principles of the constitution distribute the powers and make the government and its rulers constitutional and obliged to uphold the Constitution. This form is thus quite different from any given sole form of government.Additional ReferencesWeb SitesHomehttp//www.God.comhttp//www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution.htmlhttp//www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir00t___.htmlh ttp//www.religioustolerance.orghttp//www.rulers.org/http//www.secularislam.orghttp//www.usinfo.state.govhttp//www.watchtower.orghttp//www/dictionary.com/religionBooksDahl Robert A., Who Governs? commonwealth and Power in an American City, (New Haven Yale University Press, 1963)Kepel, Gilles. The Revenge of God The revitalization of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World, (University Park Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994)Levine Andrew, Liberal Democracy A Critique of Its Theory, (New York Columbia University Press, 1981)Sisk Timothy D., Islam and Democracy (Washington D.C. United States add of Peace Press, 1992)Sprinzak, Ehud. The Ascendance of Israels Radical Right, (New York Oxford University Press, 1991)Tocqueville Alexis de, Democracy in America (New York harper and Row, 1996)Weiler Gershon, Jewish Theocracy (Leiden Brill, 1988)Wright Robin, The Last Great Revolution, (New York Vintage Books, 2001)ArticlesCooper Julie E., Is There a Jewish Political Trad ition? (Book Review), Tikkun, July, 2001 http//www.findarticles.comDawson Lorne L., Anti-modernism, modernism, and postmodernism struggling with the cultural significance of new religious movements, Sociology of Religion, Summer, 1998 http//www.findarticles.comMohit Morteza, Background to the Parliamentary Elections in Iran, Monthly Review, March, 2001 http//www.findarticles.com